Preface ......................................................... v
List of Contributors ......................................... xiii
Glossary .................................................... xxiii
Chapter 1 Remote Sensing as a Tool for Urban Planning and
Sustainability ..................................... 1
1.1. Overview .................................................. 1
1.2. Social problems ........................................... 4
1.3. Urban structure ........................................... 5
1.4. Climatic and atmospheric applications for urban remote
sensing ................................................... 6
1.5. Urban geohazards and environmental monitoring ............. 8
1.6. Urban form and periphery .................................. 9
1.7. Open space preservation .................................. 10
1.8. Evaluation of urban natural environments ................. 11
1.9. Urban satellite sensors and mission legacy ............... 11
1.10. Urban monitoring initiatives ............................. 13
1.11. Urban environmental monitoring project at Arizona
State University ......................................... 14
1.12. Outlook .................................................. 16
1.12.1. Case study Phoenix, USA .......................... 16
1.12.2. Case study Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ................ 17
1.12.3. Case study Buenos Aires, Argentina ............... 17
1.12.4. Case study Berlin, Germany ....................... 17
1.12.5. Case study New Delhi, India ...................... 17
1.12.6. Case study Chiang Mai, Thailand .................. 17
1.12.7. Case study Chengdu and Guangzhou, China .......... 18
1.12.8. Interurban comparison ............................ 18
1.13. References ............................................... 19
Chapter 2 Automatic Land-Cover Classification Derived
from High-Resolution IKONOS Satellite
Imagery in the Urban Atlantic Forest of
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by Means of an
Object-Oriented Approach ............................. 25
2.1. Introduction ............................................. 25
2.2. Methodology .............................................. 28
2.2.1. Study area ....................................... 28
2.2.2. Data ............................................. 28
2.2.3. Analysis ......................................... 29
2.3. Results and discussion ................................... 31
2.4. Conclusion ............................................... 34
2.5. References ............................................... 35
Chapter 3 Advances in Urban Remote Sensing: Examples From
Berlin (Germany) ..................................... 37
3.1. Introduction ............................................. 37
3.2. New remote sensing technologies .......................... 38
3.3. New remote sensing methods ............................... 40
3.4. Examples ................................................. 42
3.4.1. Sensitivity analysis of Enhanced Thematic
Mapper and ASTER data for urban studies .......... 42
3.4.2. Characterizing derelict urban railway
sites with QuickBird data ........................ 45
3.5. Outlook .................................................. 47
3.6. Acknowledgments .......................................... 49
3.7. References ............................................... 49
Chapter 4 Spatial Analysis of Urban Vegetation Scale and
Abundance ............................................ 53
4.1. Introduction ............................................. 53
4.2. Six urban landscapes ..................................... 55
4.3. Spectral mixture analysis and image segmentation ......... 56
4.1. Vegetation fraction and patch size distributions ......... 60
4.5. Comparison ............................................... 64
4.6. Discussion ............................................... 71
4.7. Acknowledgements ......................................... 75
4.8. References ............................................... 75
Chapter 5 Urban Environmental Monitoring in Buenos Aires -
Determining Green Areas .............................. 77
5.1. Introduction ............................................. 77
5.2. Background ............................................... 79
5.3. Related work ............................................. 79
5.4. Materials and methods .................................... 81
5.4.1. Study area ....................................... 81
5.4.2. Data ............................................. 81
5.4.3. Preparatory work ................................. 84
5.4.4. Remote sensing analyses .......................... 86
5.5. Results .................................................. 88
5.6. Applications ............................................. 90
5.7. Conclusions .............................................. 91
5.8. Acknowledgements ......................................... 92
5.9. References ............................................... 92
Chapter 6 Challenges in Characterizing and Mitigating
Urban Heat Islands - A Role for Integrated
Approaches Including Remote Sensing ................. 117
6.1. Introduction ............................................ 117
6.2. Temporal and spatial scales in climatology .............. 119
6.2.1. Regional to local scale ......................... 119
6.3. Factors controlling urban climates ...................... 120
6.4. Methods of evaluation ................................... 122
6.5. Remote sensing .......................................... 123
6.6. Urban heat island mitigation ............................ 127
6.7. Conclusions ............................................. 128
6.8. References .............................................. 129
Chapter 7 Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Applications of Remote
Sensing in a Rapidly Urbanizing Desert Region ....... 137
7.1. Introduction ............................................ 137
7.2. Regional setting and historic land use .................. 139
7.3. CAP LTER urban ecology research ......................... 140
7.4. Urban climate modeling .................................. 141
7.5. Land cover characterization and change detection ........ 144
7.1. Expert system classification of the Phoenix area ........ 148
7.5.2. Monitoring LULCC using object-oriented
classification .................................. 151
7.6. High resolution commercial data use in Marana, AZ ....... 155
7.7. Conclusions ............................................. 159
7.8. References .............................................. 160
Chapter 8 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technique for
Urban Environmental Management and Sustainable
Development of Delhi, India ......................... 165
8.1. Introduction ............................................ 165
8.2. Urban environmental issues in Delhi ..................... 168
8.3. Application of remote sensing and GIS in urban
studies ................................................. 171
8.3.1. Aerial photographs and satellite data
in urban studies ................................ 173
8.3.2. Urban spatial growth and sprawl ................. 174
8.3.3. Land-use and land-cover mapping ................. 177
8.3.4. Urban change detection and mapping .............. 180
8.3.5. Base maps for urban areas ....................... 181
8.3.6. Urban hydrology ................................. 182
8.3.7. Solid and hazardous waste ....................... 183
8.3.8. Effective traffic management .................... 184
8.3.9. Greenhouse gases and urban heat island
mapping ......................................... 185
8.3.10. Urban infrastructure recreational and
utility mapping ................................. 186
8.4. Sustainable development and planning of Delhi ........... 187
8.5. Conclusions ............................................. 190
8.5.1. Recommendations ................................. 191
8.6. References .............................................. 193
Chapter 9 Berlin (Germany) Urban and Environmental
Information System: Application of Remote
Sensing for Planning and Governance
- Potentials and Problems ........................... 199
9.1. Introduction ............................................ 199
9.2. Berlin urban and environmental information systems ...... 200
9.2.1. Definition and aims ............................. 201
9.2.2. The Berlin digital environmental atlas .......... 205
9.2.3. FIS-broker ...................................... 206
9.2.4. Geo-data and geographic information systems ..... 207
9.2.5. GIS and the internet ............................ 207
9.3. Application of remote-sensing data ...................... 208
9.3.1. UEIS mapping of land use ........................ 208
9.3.2. Area types ...................................... 209
9.3.1. Test of updating land-use mapping with
remote-sensing data ............................. 209
9.3.4. Surface temperatures derived from satellite
data ............................................ 212
9.3.5. Mapping of imperviousness (soil surface
sealing) ........................................ 213
9.3.6. Urban-biotope mapping ........................... 215
9.4. Conclusions ............................................. 217
9.5. References .............................................. 218
Chapter 10 Views of Chiang Mai: The Contributions of
Remote-Sensing to Urban Governance and
Sustainability ..................................... 221
10.1. Introduction ............................................ 221
10.2. Views ................................................... 223
10.2.1. Access .......................................... 224
10.2.2. Interpretations ................................. 225
10.2.3. Resolution ...................................... 227
10.2.4. Social spaces ................................... 227
10.3. Histories ............................................... 230
10.3.1. Origins ......................................... 230
10.3.2. Urbanization .................................... 231
10.3.3. Ecosystem services .............................. 233
10.4. Models .................................................. 233
10.4.1. SLEUTH .......................................... 234
10.4.2. ELSE ............................................ 236
10.5. Visions ................................................. 237
10.5.1. Space for time .................................. 238
10.5.2. Scenarios ....................................... 238
10.6. Actions ................................................. 240
10.6.1. Choices ......................................... 241
10.6.2. Responsibilities ................................ 242
10.7. Conclusions ............................................. 245
10.8. Acknowledgements ........................................ 245
10.9. Notes ................................................... 245
10.10.References .............................................. 246
Chapter 11-20 Years After Reforms: Challenges to Planning
and Development in China's City-Regions and
Opportunities for Remote Sensing ................ 249
11.1. Introduction ............................................ 249
11.2. Study areas ............................................. 250
11.3. Remote sensing and GIS to monitor urban growth
patterns ................................................ 254
11.3.1. Pearl River Delta Case Studies .................. 254
11.3.2. Chengdu extended urban region ................... 257
11.4. Comparative urban development on the coast and in
the west ................................................ 258
11.5. Monitoring urban growth in China ........................ 264
11.6. Challenges to planning and development and the role
of remote sensing and geospatial data ................... 265
11.7. References .............................................. 267
Index ......................................................... 271
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