Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World (Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаTerrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World / ed. by J.G.Canadell, D.E.Pataki, L.F.Pitelka. - Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2007. - xvii, 336 p. - (Global Change: The IGBP Series). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.333-336. - ISSN 1619-2435; ISBN-10 3-540-327729-0; ISBN-13 978-3-540-32729-5
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
1.  Global Ecology, Networks, and Research Synthesis ............ 1
    1.1.  Introduction .......................................... 1
    1.2.  Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century ........... 2
    1.3.  Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning ....... 3
    1.4.  Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes ......... 3
    1.5.  Managing Ecosystem Services ........................... 4
    1.6.  Regions under Stress .................................. 4
    1.7.  The Way Forward ....................................... 4
    References .................................................. 5

    Part A
    Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century ................. 7

2.  CO2 Fertilization: When, Where, How Much? ................... 9
    2.1.  Carbon a Limiting Plant Resource? ..................... 9
    2.2.  Long-Term Biomass Responses and Carbon Pools ......... 10
          2.2.1.  Time Matters ................................. 10
          2.2.2.  Nutrients and Water Determine Biomass
                  Responses at Elevated CO2 .................... 11
          2.2.3.  Scaling from Growth to Carbon Pools .......... 13
    2.3.  Carbon to Nutrient Ratios and Consumer Responses ..... 13
          2.3.1.  The C to N Ratio Widens ...................... 13
          2.3.2.  Consequences for Herbivory. Decomposition
                  and Plant Nutrition .......................... 14
    2.4.  Plant Water Relations and Hydrological
          Implications ......................................... 14
    2.5.  Stress Resistance under Elevated CO2 ................. 16
    2.6.  Biodiversity Effects May Outweigh Physiology
          Effects .............................................. 16
          2.6.1.  Hydrology Implications of Elevated CO2
                  Depend on Species Abundance .................. 16
          2.6.2.  Biodiversity Effects on Forest Carbon
                  Stocking and Grassland Responses ............. 16
    2.7.  Summary and Conclusions .............................. 17
    References ................................................. 18

3.  Ecosystem Responses to Warming and Interacting
    Global Change Factors ...................................... 23
    3.1.  The Multiple Factor Imperative in 
          Change Research ...................................... 23
    3.2.  Ecosystem Responses to Experimental Warming .......... 23
          3.2.1.  The GCTE-NEWS Synthesis ...................... 24
          3.2.2.  The ITEX Synthesis ........................... 25
          3.2.3.  The Harvard Forest Soil Warming Experiment ... 26
    3.3.  Temperature and C02 Interactions in Trees:
          the TACIT Experiment ................................. 26
          3.3.1.  Experimental Design .......................... 26
          3.3.2.  Growth Responses ............................. 27
          3.3.3.  Higher-Order Responses ....................... 28
          3.3.4.  TACIT Summary ................................ 28
    3.4.  More Than Two Factors: the Jasper Ridge Global
          Change Experiment .................................... 28
          3.4.1.  Experimental Design .......................... 28
          3.4.2.  Net Primary Productivity ..................... 29
          3.4.3.  Community Composition ........................ 29
          3.4.4.  JRGCE Summary ................................ 30
    3.5.  Modeling Temperature, CO2 and N Interactions
          in Trees and Grass ................................... 30
          3.5.1.  Global Change Simulations for a
                  California Annual Grassland .................. 30
          3.5.2.  Comparing Forest and Grassland with G'DAY .... 32
    3.6.  Summary and Conclusions .............................. 33
    Acknowledgments ............................................ 34
    References ................................................. 34

4.  Insights from Stable Isotopes on the Role of Terrestrial
    Ecosystems in the Global Carbon Cycle ...................... 37
    4.1.  Introduction ......................................... 37
    4.2.  Ecosystem Carbon Cycles .............................. 37
    4.3.  The Global Carbon Cycle .............................. 40
    4.4.  Future Directions .................................... 42
    Acknowledgments ............................................ 42
    In Memoriam ................................................ 42
    References ................................................. 43

5.  Effects of Urban Land-Use Change on Biogeochemical
    Cycles ..................................................... 45
    5.1.  Introduction ......................................... 45
    5.2.  Urban Land-Use Change ................................ 46
    5.3.  Urban Environmental Factors .......................... 47
          5.3.1.  Climate and Atmospheric Composition .......... 47
          5.3.2.  Atmospheric and Soil Pollution ............... 49
          5.3.3.  Introductions of Exotic Species .............. 49
    5.4.  Disturbance and Management Effects ................... 50
          5.4.1.  Lawn and Horticultural Management ............ 50
          5.4.2.  Management Effort ............................ 51
    5.5.  Effects of Built Environment ......................... 52
    5.6.  Assessing Biogeochemical Effects -
          the Importance of Scale .............................. 54
    5.7.  Summary and Conclusions .............................. 55
    Acknowledgments ............................................ 56
    References ................................................. 56

6.  Saturation of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink .................. 59
    6.1.  Introduction ......................................... 59
    6.2.  Location of the Current Terrestrial Carbon Sinks ..... 59
    6.3.  Dynamics of Processes that Contribute to
          Carbon Sink Saturation ............................... 60
    6.4.  Processes Contributing to Terrestrial Carbon
          Sink Saturation ...................................... 60
          6.4.1.  Processes Driven by Atmospheric
                  Composition Change ........................... 60
          6.4.2.  Processes Driven by Climate Change ........... 64
          6.4.3.  Processes Driven by Land-Use Change and
                  Land Management .............................. 66
    6.5.  Integration and Model Predictions .................... 71
    6.6.  Summary and Conclusions .............................. 73
    Acknowledgments ............................................ 74
    References ................................................. 74


    Part B
    Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning ............ 79

7.  Functional Diversity - at the Crossroads between
    Ecosystem Functioning and Environmental Filters ............ 81
    7.1.  Introduction ......................................... 81
    7.2.  Environmental Filters Affect FD ...................... 82
    7.3.  FD effects on Global Change Drivers .................. 82
          7.3.1.  The Traits of the Dominants .................. 82
          7.3.2.  The Role of Interactions ..................... 87
    7.4.  Summary and Conclusions .............................. 89
    Acknowledgments ............................................ 89
    References ................................................. 90

8.  Linking Plant Invasions to Global Environmental Change ..... 93
    8.1.  Introduction ......................................... 93
    8.2.  Plant Invasions and Elevated CO2 ..................... 93
    8.3.  Plant Invasions and Climatic Change .................. 95
    8.4.  Plant Invasions and Land Eutrophication .............. 96
    8.5.  Plant Invasions and Changes in Land Use/Cover ........ 97
    8.6.  Multiple Interactions ................................ 98
    8.7.  Summary and Conclusions .............................. 99
    Acknowledgments ............................................ 99
    References ................................................. 99

9.  Plant Biodiversity and Responses to Elevated Carbon
    Dioxide ................................................... 103
    9.1.  Ten Years of GCTE Research: Apprehending
          Complexity .......................................... 103
          9.1.1.  Effects of CO2 on Plant Diversity Through
                  Alterations of the Physical Environment ..... 103
    9.2.  Temporal Variation and Response to Elevated CO2 ..... 105
          9.2.1.  Reproductive and Evolutionary Aspects
                  of the Response to Elevated CO2 ............. 105
          9.2.2.  Communities at Equilibrium Versus
                  Dynamic Systems ............................. 105
    9.3.  Biodiversity Loss and Response to Elevated CO2 ...... 107
          9.3.1.  Species Diversity and Response
                  to Elevated C02 ............................. 107
          9.3.2.  Ecosystem C Fluxes in a Species-Poor
                  World ....................................... 108
    9.4.  Summary and Conclusions ............................. 110
    References ................................................ 111

10. Predicting the Ecosystem Consequences of Biodiversity
    Loss: the Biomerge Framework .............................. 113
    10.1. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning:
          a Synthesis ......................................... 113
          10.1.1. Why Biodiversity Matters to Global
                  Change Ecology .............................. 113
          10.1.2. Linking Change in Biodiversity with
                  Change in Ecosystem Functioning ............. 114
          10.1.3. Lessons Learned from Early Debates .......... 114
          10.1.4. What We Have Learned about the
                  Relationship between Biodiversity and
                  Ecosystem Function .......................... 115
          10.1.5. The Scientific Framework for Linking
                  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning ...... 115
    10.2. The BioMERGE Framework .............................. 117
          10.2.1. The BioMERGE Structural Sub-Framework ....... 117
          10.2.2. The BioMERGE BEF Sub-Framework: an
                  Expansion of the Vitousek-Hooper
                  Framework ................................... 117
          10.2.3. The BioMERGE Research Implementation
                  Sub-Framework ............................... 119
    10.3. Discussion: Towards a Large Scale BEF ............... 122
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 123
    References ................................................ 123


    Part C
    Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes ............. 127

11. Plant Species Migration as a Key Uncertainty in
    Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on
    Ecosystems: Progress and Challenges ....................... 129
    11.1. Introduction ........................................ 129
    11.2. Will Migration Be Necessary for Species
          Persistence? ........................................ 130
          11.2.1. Vegetation-Type Models ...................... 131
          11.2.2. Species-Based Models ........................ 132
    11.3. Measurements and Models of Migration Rates .......... 133
    11.4. Linking Migration and Niche Based Models ............ 134
    11.5. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 135
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 135
    References ................................................ 135

12. Understanding Global Fire Dynamics by Classifying
    and Comparing Spatial Models of Vegetation and Fire ....... 139
    12.1. Introduction ........................................ 139
    12.2. Background .......................................... 140
    12.3. Model Classification ................................ 140
    12.4. Model Comparison .................................... 141
          12.4.1. The Models .................................. 141
          12.4.2. The Comparison Design ....................... 143
    12.5. Results and Discussion .............................. 144
          12.5.1. Model Classification ........................ 144
          12.5.2. Model Comparison ............................ 145
    12.6. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 145
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 146
    References ................................................ 146

13. Plant Functional Types: Are We Getting Any Closer
    to the Holy Grail? ........................................ 149
    13.1. In Search of the Holy Grail ......................... 149
    13.2. Individual Plant Structure and Function ............. 149
    13.3. Traits and Environmental Gradients .................. 152
          13.3.1. Plant Functional Response to
                  Mineral Resource Availability ............... 152
          13.3.2. Plant Functional Response to Disturbance .... 152
          13.3.3. Projecting Changes in Plant Functional
                  Traits in Response to Global Change ......... 154
    13.4. Scaling from Individual Plants to Communities:
          from Response Traits to Community Assembly .......... 155
    13.5. Scaling from Communities to Ecosystems:
          from Response Traits to Effect Traits ............... 156
    13.6. So, Are We Getting Closer to the Holy Grail?
          Scaling beyond Ecosystems ........................... 157
          13.6.1. Plant Functional Traits and Landscape
                  Dynamics .................................... 157
          13.6.2. Regional to Global Models - Revisiting
                  the Early Functional Classifications ........ 157
          13.6.3. Validation: the Contribution of
                  Paleo-Data .................................. 158
    13.7.  Summary and Conclusions ............................ 159
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 159
    References ................................................ 159

14. Spatial Nonlinearities: Cascading Effects in
    the Earth System .......................................... 165
    14.1. Introduction ........................................ 165
    14.2. Conceptual Framework ................................ 166
    14.3. Insights to Global Change Issues .................... 166
          14.3.1. Historical Example: the Dust Bowl
                  of the 1930s ................................ 166
          14.3.2. Wildfire .................................... 168
          14.3.3. Invasive Species and Desertification ........ 171
    14.4. Forecasting Spatial Nonlinearities and
          Catastrophic Events ................................. 172
    14.5. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 173
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 173
    References ................................................ 173

15. Dynamic Global Vegetation Modeling: Quantifying
    Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Large-Scale
    Environmental Change ...................................... 175
    15.1. Introduction ........................................ 175
    15.2. Historical Antecedents and Development of DGVMs ..... 175
          15.2.1. Plant Geography ............................. 176
          15.2.2. Plant Physiology and Biogeochemistry ........ 176
          15.2.3. Vegetation Dynamics ......................... 177
          15.2.4. Biophysics .................................. 177
          15.2.5. Human Intervention .......................... 178
    15.3. Principles and Construction of DGVMs ................ 178
          15.3.1. Model Architecture .......................... 178
          15.3.2. Net Primary Production ...................... 179
          15.3.3. Plant Growth and Vegetation Dynamics ........ 179
          15.3.4. Hydrology ................................... 180
          15.3.5. Soil Organic Matter Transformations ......... 180
          15.3.6. Nitrogen (N) Cycling ........................ 180
          15.3.7. Disturbance ................................. 180
    15.4. Evaluating DGVMS .................................... 181
          15.4.1. Net Primary Production ...................... 181
          15.4.2. Remotely Sensed "Greenness" and Vegetation
                  Composition ................................. 181
          15.4.3. Atmospheric CO2 Concentration ............... 181
          15.4.4. Runoff ...................................... 182
          15.4.5. CO2 and Water Flux Measurements ............. 182
    15.5. Examples of Applications of DGVMS ................... 182
          15.5.1. Holocene Changes in Atmospheric CO2 ......... 182
          15.5.2. Boreal "Greening" and the Contemporary
                  Carbon Balance .............................. 182
          15.5.3. The Pinatubo Effect ......................... 183
          15.5.4. Future Carbon Balance Projections ........... 183
          15.5.5. Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to Future
                  Climate Change .............................. 183
          15.5.6. Effects of Land-Use Change on
                  the Carbon Cycle ............................ 185
    15.6. Some Perspectives and Research Needs ................ 185
          15.6.1. Comparison with Field Experiments ........... 185
          15.6.2. Plant Functional Types ...................... 185
          15.6.3. The Nitrogen Cycle .......................... 185
          15.6.4. Plant Dispersal and Migration ............... 186
          15.6.5. Wetlands .................................... 186
          15.6.6. Multiple Nutrient Limitations ............... 186
          15.6.7. Agriculture and Forestry .................... 186
          15.6.8. Grazers and Pests ........................... 186
          15.6.9. Biogenic Emissions of Trace Gases and
                  Aerosol Precursors .......................... 187
    15.7. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 187
    References ................................................ 187


    Part D
    Managing Ecosystem Services ............................... 193

16. Wheat Production Systems and Global Climate Change ........ 195
    16.1. Introduction ........................................ 195
    16.2. Global Atmospheric Change, Climate and Yields ....... 197
    16.3. Impacts on Wheat Productivity ....................... 199
    16.4. Addressing the Yield Gap ............................ 200
    16.5. The Protein Gap ..................................... 200
    16.6. The Rice-Wheat System ............................... 201
    16.7. The Effect of Climate Change on the
          Rice-Wheat System ................................... 202
    16.8. The Contribution of the Rice-Wheat System
          to Climate Change ................................... 202
    16.9. Carbon Dioxide ...................................... 203
    16.10.Methane ............................................. 203
    16.11.Nitrous Oxide ....................................... 204
    16.12.Comparative Greenhouse Gas Budgets for
          Rice-Wheat Farming Systems .......................... 204
    16.13.Summary and Conclusions ............................. 207
    References ................................................ 208

17. Pests Under Global Change - Meeting Your
    Future Landlords? ......................................... 211
    17.1. Introduction ........................................ 211
    17.2. Methods ............................................. 211
          17.2.1. IPCC Processes .............................. 211
          17.2.2. Monitoring, Benchmarks and Indicators
                  for Measuring Impacts ....................... 212
          17.2.3. Estimating Impacts .......................... 213
    17.3. Impacts ............................................. 216
          17.3.1. Atmospheric CO2 and Climate ................. 216
          17.3.2. Land Use, Land Cover and Biodiversity ....... 219
          17.3.3. Trade and Travel ............................ 219
    17.4. Adaptation .......................................... 220
          17.4.1. Natural Adaptations ......................... 220
          17.4.2. Adaptive Management Options ................. 220
          17.4.3. Adaptation of Control Measures in Response
                  to Global Change ............................ 221
          17.4.4. Threats to Sustainability of Adaptation
                  Options ..................................... 221
    17.5. Vulnerability ....................................... 222
    17.6. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 222
    References ................................................ 223

18. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in Agricultural
    Soils ..................................................... 227
    18.1. Introduction ........................................ 227
          18.1.1. Soil Carbon and Carbon Dioxide .............. 227
          18.1.2. Trade-Offs between GHGs in Agriculture ...... 227
    18.2. What Is Meant by GHG Mitigation Potential? .......... 229
    18.3. Regional Case Studies ............................... 230
          18.3.1. Sustainable Soil Management in the Moscow
                  Region to Enhance Soil Carbon ............... 230
          18.3.2. Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential
                  in the US ................................... 231
    18.4. Carbon Sequestration in the Future .................. 232
    18.5. Win-Win Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
          by Agricultural Soils ............................... 232
    18.6. Future Challenges ................................... 233
          18.6.1. Improving Carbon Sequestration .............. 233
          18.6.2. Monitoring Soil Carbon Sequestration ........ 233
    18.7. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 234
    References ................................................ 235

19. Carbon and Water Tradeoffs in Conversions
    to Forests and Shrublands ................................. 237
    19.1. Introduction  237
    19.2. Afforestation  237
          19.2.1. Afforestation: Carbon Storage Potential ..... 237
          19.2.2. Afforestation: Evapotranspiration
                  and Water Yield ............................. 238
          19.2.3. Afforestation: Potential Atmospheric
                  Feedbacks ................................... 239
    19.3. Woody Encroachment and Agriculture .................. 240
          19.3.1. Grassland Conversions with Woody
                  Plant Encroachment and Agriculture .......... 240
          19.3.2. Processes Controlling Soil C Storage:
                  Grassland Vs. Woodland ...................... 241
          19.3.3. Uncertainties in Water and Carbon Balances
                  with Woody Plant Encroachment ............... 242
    19.4. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 243
    References ................................................ 244

20. Natural and Human Dimensions of Land Degradation
    in Drylands: Causes and Consequences ...................... 247
    20.1. Introduction ........................................ 247
    20.2. Drylands, Desertification. Drivers. and Scales ...... 247
          20.2.1. Distribution of People and Land-Cover
                  Types ....................................... 247
          20.2.2. Defining Land Degradation and
                  Desertification ............................. 248
          20.2.3. What Drives Land Degradation and
                  Desertification? ............................ 249
          20.2.4. Estimating the Extent of Desertification .... 249
          20.2.5. Consequences of Desertification ............. 250
          20.2.6. Scale and Hierarchy ......................... 251
    20.3. Joint GCTE-LUCC Desertification Initiative .......... 252
          20.3.1. Dahlem Desertification Paradigm ............. 252
          20.3.2. Initiatives to Test the Dahlem
                  Desertification Paradigm .................... 253
    20.4. Management of Desertified Drylands .................. 254
          20.4.1. Avoidance ................................... 254
          20.4.2. Monitoring .................................. 254
          20.4.3. Restoration ................................. 254
    20.5. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 255
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 255
    References ................................................ 255


    Part E
    Regions under Stress ...................................... 259

21. Southeast Asian Fire Regimes and Land Development
    Policy .................................................... 261
    21.1. Introduction ........................................ 261
    21.2. Underlying Causes of Land Fires ..................... 262
          21.2.1. Explaining Fire Occurrence .................. 262
          21.2.2. Land Development Policies ................... 262
          21.2.3. Land Management Practices ................... 263
          21.2.4. Property Rights and Conflicts ............... 265
    21.3. Landscape. Regional and Global Interactions ......... 265
          21.3.1. Ecosystem Dynamics .......................... 265
          21.3.2. Regional Haze Episodes ...................... 266
          21.3.3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................... 266
          21.3.4. Interactions with Climate Variability
                  and Change .................................. 267
    21.4. Human Well-Being .................................... 267
          21.4.1. Economic and Health Impacts ................. 267
          21.4.2. Livelihoods ................................. 267
    21.5. Informed Decision-Making and Better Governance ...... 268
          21.5.1. Role of Expertise ........................... 268
          21.5.2. Regional Cooperation ........................ 269
    21.6.  Summary and Conclusions ............................ 269
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 270
    References ................................................ 270

22. Global Change Impacts on Agroecosystems of
    Eastern China ............................................. 273
    22.1. Introduction ........................................ 273
    22.2. Chinese Terrestrial Transects ....................... 274
    22.3. Physiological and Plant Responses to Multiple
          Global Change Forcing ............................... 275
    22.4. Productivity and Its Responses to Global Change ..... 276 
    22.5. Carbon Budget and Its Responses to Global Change .... 278
    22.6. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 282
    Acknowledgments ........................................... 282
    References ................................................ 282

23. Terrestrial Ecosystems in Monsoon Asia: Scaling up
    from Shoot Module to Watershed ............................ 285
    23.1. Introduction ........................................ 285
    23.2. Responses of Plant Communities to the Global
          Change: Scaling from Leaf to Landscape Through
          Individual Plant .................................... 285
          23.2.1. Competition among Individual Plants in
                  Even-Aged Monospecific Stands at
                  Elevated CO2 ................................ 286
          23.2.2. Shoot-Module-Based Simulator As a Tool
                  of Individual Tree Response ................. 288
          23.2.3. Modeling the Shift of Forest Zonation ....... 289
    23.3. Carbon Budget at the Forest Watershed Scale ......... 289
          23.3.1. Carbon Exchange between Atmosphere-
                  Forest-Stream Boundaries .................... 290
          23.3.2. Transport of Dissolved Organic Carbon
                  Associated with Dissolved Nitrogen from
                  Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems ........... 290
          23.3.3. Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon at
                  the Interface of Stream and Lake
                  Ecosystems .................................. 291
    23.4. Carbon Budget and Functions of the Lake Biwa
          Ecosystem ........................................... 292
          23.4.1. Carbon Budget in the Lake ................... 292
          23.4.2. Metabolism in the Lake Sediments ............ 293
          23.4.3. Terrestrial Environment and Function of
                  Lake Ecosystems ............................. 293
    23.5. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 294
    References ................................................ 294

24. Responses of High Latitude Ecosystems to Global Change:
    Potential Consequences for the Climate System ............. 297
    24.1. Introduction ........................................ 297
    24.2. Recent Changes in Climate. Disturbance Regimes,
          and Land Cover ...................................... 297
    24.3. Responses of Radiatively Active Gases ............... 300
          24.3.1. General Issues .............................. 300
          24.3.2. Responses of CO2 Exchange to Climatic
                  Change ...................................... 300
          24.3.3. Responses of CH4 Exchange to Climatic
                  Change ...................................... 302
          24.3.4. Responses to Changes in Disturbance and
                  Land Cover .................................. 303
    24.4. Responses of Water and Energy Exchange .............. 304
          24.4.1. General Issues 304
          24.4.2. Responses to Changes in Climate,
                  Disturbance, and Land Cover ................. 304
    24.5. Delivery of Freshwater to the Arctic Ocean .......... 305
          24.5.1. General Issues .............................. 305
    24.6.  Summary and Conclusions ............................ 305
    References ................................................ 306


    Part F
    Future Directions: the Global Land Project ................ 311

25. The Future Research Challenge: the Global Land Project .... 313
    25.1. Introduction ........................................ 313
    25.2. Research Objectives ................................. 314
    25.3. Emergent Concepts ................................... 315
          25.3.1. Land-Use Decision Making and Adaptive
                  Management .................................. 315
          25.3.2. Ecosystem Services .......................... 316
          25.3.3. Vulnerability and Sustainability Science .... 316
    25.4. Research Framework .................................. 317
          25.4.1. Theme 1: Dynamics of Land System ............ 317
          25.4.2. Theme 2: Consequences of Land-System
                  Change ...................................... 318
          25.4.3. Theme 3: Integrating Analysis and Modeling
                  for Land Sustainability ..................... 318
    25.5. Implementation Strategy ............................. 319
    25.6. Summary and Conclusions ............................. 320
    References ................................................ 321

Index ......................................................... 323


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