Foreword ........................................................ v
Preface ....................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ............................................. xiii
Note on Organization of Volume 1 ............................... xv
Contributors ................................................. xxix
Part I Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine
Chapter 1 Formation of the Chinese Medicine Theoretical
System and Its Philosophical Basis ................... 3
Section 1 Formation and Development of Chinese Medical
Theory ............................................... 3
I Initial Formation of the CM Theoretical System .............. 3
II Development and Enhancement of CM Theoretical System ........ 5
Section 2 Philosophical Basis of Chinese Medicine .............. 9
I Unity of Qi ................................................. 9
1 Concept of Qi and Its Main Contents ..................... 9
2 Features of Qi Transformation .......................... 10
II Theory of Yin-Yang ......................................... 11
1 Pervasiveness and Changeability of Yin-Yang ............ 13
2 Basic Contents of Yin-Yang Theory ...................... 13
3 Application of Yin-Yang Theory in CM ................... 17
III Theory of Five Elements .................................... 21
1 Basic Concept of Five Elements ......................... 21
2 Basic Contents of Theory of Five Elements .............. 21
3 Application of Theory of Five Elements in CM ........... 27
Guidance for Study ............................................. 31
I Aim of Study ............................................... 31
II Objectives of Study ........................................ 31
III Exercises for Review ....................................... 32
Chapter 2 Chinese Medicine Methodology ........................ 33
Section 1 View of Life in CM .................................. 33
I Essence is the Basis of Life ............................... 33
II Union of Body and Vitality ................................. 34
III Vital Qi Connecting with Universe .......................... 34
Section 2 Concept of Illness in CM ............................ 35
I Illness Can Be Studied ..................................... 35
II Functional Imbalance ....................................... 35
III Struggle of Genuine-Qi and Evil-Qi ......................... 36
Section 3 Holism in CM ........................................ 36
I Human Body as Organic Whole ................................ 37
II Unity of Human Body and Universe ........................... 38
III Unity of the Human Body and Social Circumstances ........... 39
Section 4 Inquiry Methodology in CM ........................... 39
I Holistic Systemic Method ................................... 40
II Classification by Analogy .................................. 40
III Inferring the Interior from the Exterior ................... 41
Section 5 Symptom Analysis in CM .............................. 42
I Treatment Selection Based on Symptom Analysis .............. 42
II Treating Same Illness with Different Methods and Treating
Different Illnesses with Same Method ....................... 43
Section 6 Health Preservation in CM ........................... 44
I Correspondence between Human Body and Nature; Conforming
to Nature .................................................. 44
II Preserving Both Body and Vitality; Nurturing Zang-Fu
Functions .................................................. 45
III Activity and Quiescence .................................... 46
Guidance for Study ............................................. 48
I Aims of Study .............................................. 48
II Objectives of Study ........................................ 48
III Exercises for Review ....................................... 48
Chapter 3 Structure and Functions of the Human Body ........... 49
Section 1 Visceral Manifestation Theory ....................... 49
I Formation of Visceral Manifestation Theory ................. 49
II Characteristics of Visceral Manifestation Theory ........... 50
Section 2 Zang Viscera ........................................ 51
I Heart (Including Pericardium) .............................. 52
1 Physiological Functions of Heart ....................... 52
2 Relationship of Heart to Other Organs and Tissues ...... 54
II Lung ....................................................... 56
1 Physiological Functions of Lung ........................ 56
2 Relationship of Lung to Other Organs and Tissues ....... 59
3 Throat as Gateway for Lung ............................. 60
III Spleen ..................................................... 60
1 Physiological Functions of Spleen ...................... 60
2 Relationship of Spleen to Other Organs and Tissues ..... 63
IV Liver ...................................................... 64
1 Physiological Functions of Liver ....................... 64
2 Relationship of Liver to Other Organs and Tissues ...... 68
V Kidney (Including the Vital Gate) .......................... 69
1 Physiological Functions of Kidney ...................... 69
2 Relationship of Kidney to Other Organs and Tissues ..... 74
Section 3 Fu Viscera and Irregular Organs ..................... 78
I Fu Viscera ................................................. 78
1 Gallbladder ............................................ 78
2 Stomach ................................................ 80
3 Small Intestine ........................................ 81
4 Large Intestine ........................................ 83
5 Urinary Bladder ........................................ 83
6 Sanjiao ................................................ 84
II Irregular Organs ........................................... 87
1 Brain .................................................. 87
2 Uterus ................................................. 88
Section 4 Relationships between the Zang and Fu Viscera ....... 89
I Relationships among Zang Viscera ........................... 90
1 Heart and Lung ......................................... 90
2 Heart and Spleen ....................................... 90
3 Heart and Liver ........................................ 91
4 Heart and Kidney ....................................... 93
5 Spleen and Lung ........................................ 94
6 Lung and Liver ......................................... 95
7 Lung and Kidney ........................................ 96
8 Liver and Spleen ....................................... 97
9 Liver and Kidney ....................................... 98
10 Spleen and Kidney ...................................... 99
II Relationships between Zang and Fu Viscera .................. 99
1 Heart and Small Intestine ............................. 100
2 Lung and Large Intestine .............................. 101
3 Spleen and Stomach .................................... 101
4 Liver and Gallbladder ................................. 102
5 Kidney and Urinary Bladder ............................ 103
III Relationships among Fu Viscera ............................ 103
Guidance for Study ............................................ 105
I Aims of Study ............................................. 105
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 105
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 106
Chapter 4 Basic Substances of Vital Activities ............... 107
Section 1 Qi ................................................. 107
I Concept of Qi ............................................. 107
II Formation of Qi ........................................... 107
III Physiological Actions of Qi ............................... 108
1 Promoting Action ...................................... 108
2 Warming Action ........................................ 108
3 Defending Action ...................................... 108
4 Stabilizing Action .................................... 109
5 Transforming Action ................................... 109
IV Patterns of Qi Movement ................................... 109
V Classification and Distribution of Qi ..................... 110
1 Genuine Qi ............................................ 110
2 Thoracic Qi ........................................... 1ll
3 Nutritive Qi .......................................... 111
4 Defensive Qi .......................................... 112
5 Summary ............................................... 113
Section 2 Blood .............................................. 113
I Basic Concept of Blood .................................... 113
II Formation of Blood ........................................ 113
1 Food Essence .......................................... 113
2 Kidney-Essence ........................................ 115
III Physiological Actions ..................................... 115
IV Blood Circulation ......................................... 115
Section 3 Body Fluids ........................................ 116
I Basic Concept of Body Fluids .............................. 116
II Formation, Distribution and Excretion of Body Fluids ...... 117
1 Formation of Body Fluids .............................. 117
2 Distribution and Excretion of Body Fluids ............. 117
III Physiological Actions of Body Fluids ...................... 119
1 Moistening-Nourishing Action .......................... 119
2 Component of Blood .................................... 119
Section 4 Relationship Among Qi, Blood and Body Fluids ....... 119
I Relationship between Qi and Blood ......................... 119
1 Actions of Qi on Blood ................................ 119
2 Actions of Blood on Qi ................................ 120
II Relationship between Qi and Body Fluids ................... 120
1 Actions of Qi on Body Fluids .......................... 120
2 Action of Body Fluids on Qi ........................... 121
III Relationship between Blood and Body Fluid ................. 121
Section 5 Transformation of Qi ............................... 122
I Basic Concept of Qi Transformation ........................ 122
II Motive Force for Qi Transformation ........................ 123
1 Kidney's Primordial Yang as Source of Motive Force .... 123
2 Motive Force for Qi Transformation Is in Qi Itself .... 123
III Dynamics of Qi Transformation ............................. 124
IV Main Patterns of Qi Transformation ........................ 125
1 Influence of Spleen and Stomach on Qi
Transformation ........................................ 125
2 Influence of Lung and Liver on Qi Transformation ...... 126
3 Influence of Heart and Kidney on Qi Transformation .... 126
4 Transformation of Sanjiao-Qi .......................... 127
Guidance for Study ............................................ 128
I Aim of Study .............................................. 128
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 128
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 128
Chapter 5 Etiology in Chinese Medicine ....................... 131
Section 1 External Causes of Illness ......................... 132
I Climatic Pathogenic Evils ................................. 132
1 Introduction .......................................... 132
2 Nature and Pathogenic Characteristics of Climatic
Pathogenic Evils ...................................... 133
II Pestilential Pathogenic Evils ............................. 142
Section 2 Internal Causes of Illness ......................... 144
I Passions as Causes of Illness ............................. 144
1 Relationship between Passions and Qi-Blood of
Zang-Fu Viscera ....................................... 144
2 Characteristics of Passions ........................... 145
II Diet, Maladjustment of Work and Rest ...................... 147
1 Impairment due to Improper Diet ....................... 147
2 Maladjustment of Work and Rest ........................ 149
Section 3 Other Causes of Illness ............................ 150
I Traumatic Injuries ........................................ 150
II Pathological Products That Lead to Illnesses .............. 151
1 Phlegm ................................................ 151
2 Rheum ................................................. 153
3 Blood Stasis .......................................... 154
4 Stones ................................................ 157
III The Five Endogenous Pathogenic Evils ...................... 158
1 Endogenous Wind ....................................... 158
2 Endogenous Cold ....................................... 160
3 Endogenous Dampness ................................... 161
4 Endogenous Dryness .................................... 161
5 Endogenous Fire ....................................... 162
Guidance for Study ............................................ 163
I Aim of Study .............................................. 163
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 163
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 163
Chapter 6 Pathology in Chinese Medicine ...................... 165
Section 1 Pathogenesis ....................................... 165
I Relationship between the Genuine Qi and the Evil Qi to
Pathogenesis .............................................. 166
1 Deficiency of Genuine Qi Is the Basis of
Pathogenesis .......................................... 166
2 Evil Qi Is Required to Cause Disease .................. 166
II Internal and External Environment and Pathogenesis ........ 167
1 Constitution .......................................... 167
2 Psychological State ................................... 168
3 Living Circumstances .................................. 168
4 Nutrition and Sports .................................. 169
III Transmission of Illnesses ................................. 169
1 Exterior-Interior Transmission ........................ 170
2 Up-Down Transmission .................................. 170
3 Transmission Among Zang-Fu Viscera .................... 170
Section 2 Mechanisms of Pathological Change .................. 172
I Rise and Fall of Evil Qi and Genuine Qi ................... 172
1 Deficiency and Strength ............................... 172
2 Progression and Outcome of Illness .................... 173
II Imbalance of Yin-Yang ..................................... 174
1 Yin or Yang Excess .................................... 175
2 Yin or Yang Deficiency ................................ 176
3 Mutual Injury to Yin and Yang ......................... 177
4 Mutual Repellency of Yin and Yang ..................... 178
5 Depletion of Yang or Yin .............................. 179
III Disturbance of Qi and Blood ............................... 180
1 Disturbance of Qi ..................................... 180
2 Disturbance of Blood .................................. 182
3 Disharmony of Qi and Blood ............................ 184
IV Abnormal Metabolism of Body Fluids ........................ 185
1 Insufficiency of Body Fluids .......................... 186
2 Impeded Distribution and Excretion of Body Fluids ..... 186
3 Disturbance of Relationship Among Fluids, Qi and
Blood ................................................. 187
Guidance for Study ............................................ 189
I Aim of Study .............................................. 189
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 189
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 189
Part II Diagnostic Methods and the Therapeutic Principles
of Chinese Medicine
Chapter 7 Approach to Chinese Medical Diagnosis .............. 193
Section 1 Diagnostic Approach in CM .......................... 193
I Four Methods of Diagnosis ................................. 193
II Symptom Analysis and Differential Diagnosis ............... 194
Section 2 Principles of Diagnosis in CM ..................... 195
I Approaching Patient Holistically .......................... 195
II Comprehensive Analysis of All Symptoms .................... 195
III Diagnosis by Symptom Analysis and Differential
Diagnosis ................................................. 196
Guidance for Study ............................................ 196
I Aims of Study ............................................. 196
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 197
Chapter 8 Diagnostic Methods ................................. 199
Section 1 Inspection ......................................... 199
I Mental Status ............................................. 199
II Skin Color ................................................ 200
1 Characteristics of Normal Skin Color .................. 201
2 Characteristics of Abnormal Skin Color ................ 201
3 Diagnostic Significance of Colors ..................... 202
III General Appearance ........................................ 204
1 Robustness or Weakness ................................ 205
2 Obesity or Thinness ................................... 205
IV Tongue .................................................... 205
1 Basic Tongue Diagnosis ................................ 206
2 Contents of Tongue Diagnosis .......................... 206
3 Clinical Significance ................................. 215
V Skin ...................................................... 217
1 Macular Rash .......................................... 217
2 Papular Rash .......................................... 218
3 Chickenpox ............................................ 219
4 Miliaria .............................................. 219
5 Spider Angioma ........................................ 219
6 Scaling ............................................... 220
7 Erosion ............................................... 220
8 Ulceration ............................................ 220
9 Eczema ................................................ 221
10 Fissures .............................................. 221
11 Abscesses, Nodules, Furuncles, Folliculitis ........... 221
VI Inspection of Infant's Finger Venules ..................... 222
VII Excretions and Secretions ................................. 223
1 Vomitus ............................................... 224
2 Sputum ................................................ 224
3 Nasal Discharge ....................................... 225
4 Saliva ................................................ 225
5 Spittle ............................................... 226
Section 2 Auscultation and Olfaction ......................... 226
I Auscultation .............................................. 226
1 Voice ................................................. 226
2 Respiratory Sounds .................................... 227
3 Cough ................................................. 228
II Olfaction ................................................. 228
Section 3 Pulse-Taking and Palpation ......................... 229
I Pulse-Taking .............................................. 229
1 Formation of Pulse .................................... 229
2 Clinical Significance of Pulse-Taking ................. 230
3 Location of Pulse-Taking .............................. 230
4 Pulse-Taking Technique ................................ 230
5 Normal Pulse .......................................... 232
6 Abnormal Pulses ....................................... 232
II Palpation ................................................. 249
1 Palpation of the Skin ................................. 249
2 Palpating the Anterior Fontanelle ..................... 250
3 Palpating the Neck .................................... 250
4 Palpating the Chest and Flanks ........................ 251
5 Palpating the Abdomen ................................. 252
6 Palpating Shu Acupoints ............................... 253
Section 4 Inquiring .......................................... 253
I General Approach and Points of Attention .................. 254
II Contents of Inquiring ..................................... 254
1 General Data .......................................... 254
2 Chief Complaint ....................................... 254
3 Present Illness ....................................... 255
4 Past History .......................................... 256
5 Personal Lifestyle and Preferences .................... 256
6 Family History ........................................ 256
III Clinical Significance of Some Common Symptoms ............. 257
1 Chills and Fever ...................................... 257
2 Pain .................................................. 259
3 Perspiration .......................................... 261
4 Diet .................................................. 262
5 Defecation ............................................ 263
6 Urination and Urine ................................... 265
7 Sleep ................................................. 266
8 Common Symptoms in Internal Medicine .................. 267
9 Common Symptoms Specific to Women ..................... 271
10 Common Symptoms of Sense Organs ....................... 275
Guidance for Study ............................................ 276
I Aims of Study ............................................. 276
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 277
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 277
Chapter 9 Differential Diagnosis ............................. 279
Section 1 Diagnosis by Eight Fundamentals .................... 279
I Diagnosis of Exterior-Interior ............................ 280
1 Exterior Syndrome ..................................... 280
2 Interior Syndrome ..................................... 281
II Diagnosis of Cold-Heat .................................... 281
1 Cold Syndromes ........................................ 282
2 Heat Syndromes ........................................ 282
3 True and False Cold-Heat Syndromes .................... 283
III Diagnosis of Deficiency-Strength .......................... 284
1 Deficiency Syndromes .................................. 284
2 Strength Syndromes .................................... 285
IV Diagnosis of Yin-Yang Syndromes ........................... 286
1 Yin-Yang Syndromes .................................... 286
2 Yin-Yang Deficiency Syndromes ......................... 287
3 Yin-Yang Depletion Syndromes .......................... 287
Section 2 Diagnosis by Qi and Blood .......................... 288
I Qi Syndromes .............................................. 288
1 Qi Deficiency ......................................... 288
2 Qi Sinking ............................................ 289
3 Abnormal Qi Movement .................................. 289
4 Qi Stagnation ......................................... 290
II Blood Syndromes ........................................... 290
1 Blood Insufficiency ................................... 290
2 Blood Stasis .......................................... 291
3 Heat in Blood ......................................... 291
4 Cold in Blood ......................................... 291
III Simultaneous Qi and Blood Syndromes ....................... 292
1 Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis ........................ 292
2 Deficiency of Both Qi and Blood ....................... 292
3 Qi Deficiency with Bleeding ........................... 293
4 Massive Blood Loss with Qi Depletion .................. 293
Section 3 Diagnosis by Visceral Organs ....................... 293
I Heart Illnesses ........................................... 294
1 Deficiency of Heart-Qi ................................ 294
2 Deficiency of Heart-Yang .............................. 294
3 Insufficiency of Heart-Blood .......................... 295
4 Deficiency of Heart-Yin ............................... 295
5 Blazing of Heart-Fire ................................. 296
6 Blockage of Heart Meridians ........................... 296
7 Phlegm Clogging Heart Orifices ........................ 296
8 Phlegm-Fire Disturbing Heart .......................... 297
II Lung Illnesses ............................................ 297
1 Deficiency of Lung-Qi ................................. 297
2 Deficiency of Lung-Yin ................................ 298
3 Wind-Cold Binding Lung ................................ 298
4 Wind-Heat Invading Lung ............................... 299
5 Heat Accumulation in Lung ............................. 299
6 Phlegm-Dampness Obstructing Lung ...................... 299
III Spleen Illnesses .......................................... 299
1 Deficiency of Spleen-Qi ............................... 300
2 Deficiency of Spleen-Yang ............................. 300
3 Sinking of Middle-Qi .................................. 300
4 Spleen Not Controlling Blood .......................... 301
5 Cold-Dampness Encumbering Spleen ...................... 301
6 Dampness-Heat Lodging in Spleen ....................... 301
IV Liver Illnesses ........................................... 302
1 Stagnation of Liver-Qi ................................ 302
2 Upward Flaming of Liver-Fire .......................... 303
3 Insufficiency of Liver-Blood .......................... 303
4 Deficiency of Liver-Yin ............................... 303
5 Abnormal Rise of Liver-Yang ........................... 304
6 Liver-Wind Stirring in Interior ....................... 304
7 Cold Congealing Liver Meridians ....................... 305
8 Dampness-Heat in Liver Meridians ...................... 305
V Kidney Illnesses .......................................... 306
1 Deficiency of Kidney-Yang ............................. 306
2 Deficiency of Kidney-Yin .............................. 306
3 Deficiency of Kidney-Essence .......................... 307
4 Failure of Kidney-Qi to Solidify ...................... 307
5 Failure of Kidney to Accept Qi ........................ 308
VI Stomach Illnesses ......................................... 308
1 Deficiency of Stomach-Yin ............................. 308
2 Food Retention ........................................ 308
3 Cold in Stomach ....................................... 309
4 Heat in Stomach ....................................... 309
VII Gallbladder Illnesses ..................................... 309
VIII Large Intestine Illnesses ................................ 310
1 Dampness-Heat in Large Intestine ...................... 310
2 Fluid Deficiency in Large Intestine ................... 310
3 Chronic Diarrhea in Large Intestine Insufficiency ..... 311
IX Small Intestine Illnesses ................................. 311
X Urinary Bladder Illnesses ................................. 311
Section 4 Diagnosis by Six Meridians ......................... 312
I Taiyang Meridian .......................................... 312
1 Taiyang Meridian ...................................... 313
2 Taiyang Fu-Organ ...................................... 313
II Yangming Meridian ......................................... 313
III Shaoyang Meridian ......................................... 314
IV Taiyin Meridian ........................................... 314
V Shaoyin Meridian .......................................... 314
VI Jueyin Meridian ........................................... 315
Section 5 Diagnosis by Four Phases ........................... 315
I Defensive Phase ........................................... 316
II Qi Phase .................................................. 316
III Nutritive Phase ........................................... 316
IV Blood Phase ............................................... 317
Section 6 Diagnosis by Sanjiao ............................... 317
I Upper-Jiao Illness ........................................ 317
II Middle-Jiao Illness ....................................... 318
III Lower-Jiao Illness ........................................ 318
Guidance for Study ............................................ 319
I Aims of Study ............................................. 319
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 319
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 319
Chapter 10 Therapeutics ....................................... 321
Section 1 Principles of Therapeutics ......................... 321
I Early Treatment to Prevent Progression of Illness ......... 321
1 When 111 Prevent Complications ........................ 321
2 Secure Regions Not Affected by Illness ................ 322
3 During Convalescence Prevent Complications ............ 322
II In Treatment Attack the Root of Illness ................... 323
1 Treating Root and Treating Appearance ................. 323
2 Standard Treatment and Contrary Treatment ............. 325
3 Supplemental Principles to "in Treatment Attacking
the Root" ............................................. 329
III Treatment in Accordance with Person, Local and Seasonal
Conditions ................................................ 332
1 Adjustment to Seasonal Conditions and Timing .......... 333
2 Adjustment to Locale .................................. 334
3 Adjustment to Person .................................. 334
Section 2 Common Therapeutic Methods ......................... 337
I Commonly-Used Eight Principle Methods ..................... 337
1 Diaphoresis (Exterior-Release) ........................ 337
2 Emesis ................................................ 338
3 Catharsis (Purgation) ................................. 339
4 Mediation (Harmonization) ............................. 340
5 Cooling (Heat-Clearing) ............................... 340
6 Warming ............................................... 341
7 Dissipation (Reduction, Elimination) .................. 342
8 Restoration (Tonification) ............................ 343
II Other Methods of Treatment ................................ 344
1 Qi Regulation ......................................... 344
2 Blood Regulation ...................................... 345
3 Astringency (Consolidation) ........................... 346
4 Orifice-Opening (Resuscitation) ....................... 346
5 Anticonvulsant Therapy (Wind Suppression) ............. 347
III Combinations of Methods ................................... 348
1 Diaphoresis and Catharsis ............................. 348
2 Cooling and Warming ................................... 348
3 Attack and Restoration ................................ 349
4 Dissipation and Restoration ........................... 349
Guidance for Study ............................................ 349
I Aim of Study .............................................. 349
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 349
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 349
Chapter 11 Health Preservation ................................ 351
Section 1 Principles of Health Preservation .................. 351
I Conforming to Nature ...................................... 351
II Unity of Body and Mind .................................... 352
III Activity and Quiescence ................................... 352
Section 2 Common Methods of Health Preservation ............. 352
I Cultivation of Mind ....................................... 353
1 Regulating Mind ....................................... 353
II Conserving Essence to Preserve Health ..................... 355
1 Self Restraint to Conserve Essence .................... 355
2 Sexual Hygiene ........................................ 356
III Diet Regulation ........................................... 356
1 Balancing the Five Flavors ............................ 357
2 Regular Times for Meals ............................... 357
3 Eating Clean and Bland ................................ 357
Guidance for Study ............................................ 358
I Aim of Study .............................................. 358
II Objectives of Study ....................................... 358
III Exercises for Review ...................................... 358
Appendix I: Tongue Pictures ................................... 359
Index ......................................................... 367
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