Foreword .................................................... ix
Preface ..................................................... xi
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
Learning Objectives .......................................... 1
1.1 Commercial Products ..................................... 2
1.2 Feynman's Vision—There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom ... 5
1.3 Drexler-Smalley Debate on Molecular Assemblers .......... 8
1.4 Chronology of Events during the Emergence of
Nanotechnology ......................................... 10
1.5 Applications ........................................... 12
1.6 Nanotechnology Challenges .............................. 16
1.6.1 Fundamental Physical Limits of
Miniaturization ................................. 16
1.6.2 Thermodynamic Stability of Nanostructures ....... 17
1.6.3 Characterization of Nanostructures .............. 18
1.7 Summary ................................................ 18
Review Questions ............................................ 20
Reference ................................................... 22
2 Fullerenes .................................................. 23
Learning Objectives ......................................... 23
2.1 Discovery .............................................. 23
2.2 Combustion Flame Synthesis ............................. 26
2.3 Crystal Formation ...................................... 27
2.4 Sintering .............................................. 29
2.5 Organic Synthesis Method ............................... 29
2.6 Supercritical Oligomerization .......................... 31
2.7 Solar Process .......................................... 32
2.8 Electric Arc Process ................................... 34
2.9 Applications ........................................... 37
2.9.1 Superconductors ................................. 37
2.9.2 Adsorbents ...................................... 37
2.9.3 Catalysts ....................................... 39
2.9.4 Composites ...................................... 40
2.9.5 Electrochemical Systems ......................... 40
2.9.6 Synthetic Diamonds .............................. 41
2.10 Summary ................................................ 42
Review Questions ............................................ 43
References .................................................. 45
3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) ...................................... 47
Learning Objectives ......................................... 47
3.1 Discovery .............................................. 47
3.2 Synthesis of CNTs ...................................... 49
3.2.1 Electric Arc Discharge Process .................. 49
3.2.2 Laser Ablation Process .......................... 51
3.2.3 CVD ............................................. 53
3.2.4 HIPCO Process ................................... 57
3.2.5 Surface Mediated Growth of Vertically Aligned
Tubes ........................................... 59
3.3 Physical Properties of CNTs ............................ 60
3.4 Applications ........................................... 62
3.5 Morphology of CNTs ..................................... 63
3.6 Summary ................................................ 67
Review Questions ............................................ 69
References .................................................. 71
4 Nanostructuring Methods ..................................... 73
Learning Objectives ......................................... 73
4.1 Vacuum Synthesis ....................................... 74
4.2 Gas Evaporation Technique .............................. 75
4.3 Triangular Nanoprisms by Exposure to Wavelength of
Light .................................................. 78
4.4 Condensed Phase Synthesis .............................. 79
4.5 Subtractive and Additive Fabrication ................... 81
4.6 Processing of Quantum Dots ............................. 86
4.7 Sol-Gel Processing ..................................... 87
4.8 Polymer Thin Films ..................................... 88
4.9 Cryogenic Ball Milling ................................. 90
4.10 Atomic Lithography ..................................... 91
4.11 Electrodeposition ...................................... 93
4.12 Plasma Compaction ...................................... 95
4.13 Direct Write Lithography ............................... 98
4.14 Nanofluids ............................................ 101
4.15 Nanostructures by Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers ... 102
4.16 Pulsed Laser Deposition ............................... 105
4.17 Summary ............................................... 108
Review Questions ........................................... 110
References ................................................. 114
5 Nanotechnology in Materials Science ........................ 117
Learning Objectives ........................................ 117
5.1 Adaption into Curricula ............................... 117
5.2 Polymer Nanocomposites ................................ 119
5.3 Ferrofluids ........................................... 124
5.4 Shape Memory Alloy .................................... 125
5.5 Nanowires ............................................. 126
5.6 Liquid Crystals ....................................... 129
5.7 Amorphous Metals ...................................... 129
5.8 Nanoceramics .......................................... 131
Precipitation of Hydroxides from Salts ..................... 134
Pressureless Sintering ..................................... 135
5.9 Thermal Barrier Coating ............................... 136
5.10 Ceramic Nanocomposites ................................ 137
5.11 Summary ............................................... 141
Review Questions ........................................... 143
References ................................................. 146
6 Nanotechnology in Life Sciences ............................ 149
Learning Objectives ........................................ 149
6.1 Molecular Computing ................................... 151
6.2 Molecular Machines .................................... 150
6.3 Supramolecular Chemistry .............................. 152
6.4 Biochips .............................................. 153
6.5 Data Analysis from Nanoarrays ......................... 169
6.6 Sequence Alignment and Dynamic Programming ............ 173
6.7 HMMs and Applications ................................. 175
6.8 Gene Finding, Protein Secondary Structure ............. 175
6.9 Drug Delivery Applications ............................ 177
6.10 Summary ............................................... 180
Review Questions ........................................... 182
References ................................................. 185
7 Biomimetic Nanostructures .................................. 187
Learning Objectives ........................................ 187
7.1 Overview .............................................. 187
7.2 Equilibrium Kinetics of Self-Assembly ................. 190
7.3 Biomimetic Materials .................................. 191
7.4 Biomimetic Thin Films ................................. 194
7.5 Biomimetic Membranes .................................. 199
7.6 Magnetic Pigments ..................................... 201
7.7 Biomimetic Sensors .................................... 202
7.8 Summary ............................................... 204
Review Questions ........................................... 205
References ................................................. 208
8 Nanoscale Effects in Time Domain ........................... 209
Learning Objectives ........................................ 209
8.1 Overview .............................................. 209
8.2 Six Reasons to Seek Generalized Fourier's Law of
Heat Conduction ....................................... 210
8.3 Semi-infinite Cartesian and Infinite Cylindrical
and Spherical Mediums ................................. 212
8.3.1 Chebyshev Economization or Telescoping Power
Series ......................................... 214
8.3.2 Method of Relativistic Transformation
of Coordinates ................................. 217
8.3.3 Method of Relativistic Transformation of
Coordinates in Infinite Cylindrical Medium ..... 221
8.3.4 Relativistic Transformation of Spherical
Coordinates in an Infinite Medium .............. 225
8.4 Finite Slab and Taitel Paradox ........................ 230
8.4.1 Final Condition in Time for a Finite Slab ...... 231
8.4.2 Finite Sphere Subject to Constant Wall
Temperature .................................... 235
8.4.3 Finite Cylinder Subject to Constant Wall
Temperature .................................... 238
8.5 Summary ............................................... 242
Review Questions ........................................... 243
References ................................................. 246
9 Characterization of Nanostructres .......................... 249
Learning Objectives ........................................ 249
9.1 Overview .............................................. 249
9.2 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) ................... 249
9.3 Transmission Electron Microscope (ТЕМ) ................ 253
9.4 Scanning Electron Microscope .......................... 256
9.5 Scanning Probe Microscope ............................. 258
9.6 Microwave Spectroscopy ................................ 261
9.7 Auger Electron Microscopy ............................. 262
9.8 Raman Microscopy ...................................... 263
9.9 Atomic Force Microscopy ............................... 265
9.10 Helium Ion Microscopy ................................. 266
9.11 Summary ............................................... 268
Review Questions ........................................... 269
References ................................................. 272
Index ...................................................... 273
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