Abbreviations ................................................ xiii
List of Tables and Figures ...................................... x
Preface ........................................................ xv
I Introduction
1 Characterization of the Languages Studied .................... 1
1.1 Typical Typological Characteristics ..................... 4
1.2 Sociolinguistic Data, Dialects .......................... 6
1.2.1 Nenets ........................................... 6
1.2.2 Enets ............................................ 7
1.2.3 Nganasan ......................................... 9
1.2.4 Selkup .......................................... 10
1.2.5 Mator ........................................... 11
1.2.6 Kamas ........................................... 12
1.2.7 Khanty .......................................... 12
1.2.8 Mansi ........................................... 14
2 Corpora and Transcription ................................... 16
2.1 Transcription and Glossing ............................. 16
2.2 The Corpus ............................................. 18
3 The Problem of Negation ..................................... 19
3.1 The Concept of Negation ................................ 19
3.2 The Main Types of Negated Sentences .................... 21
3.3 The Negative Sentence and its Elements ................. 27
3.3.1 Finite Elements ................................. 27
3.3.2 Negative Markers ................................ 28
3.4 Auxiliary Verb Construction ............................ 37
3.5 Sentential Position of the Negative Element ............ 43
II Standard Negation
1 On the Typology of Standard Negation ........................ 51
1.1 Symmetric Construction ................................. 53
1.2 Asymmetric Construction ................................ 54
2 On Standard Negation in Uralic Languages .................... 58
3 Standard Negation in Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric Languages ....... 64
3.1 Symmetric Negation ..................................... 64
3.1.1 Selkup .......................................... 65
3.1.1.1 Position of the Negative Particle in
Selkup ................................. 70
3.1.2 Kamas ........................................... 71
3.1.2.1 Position of the Negative Particle in
Kamas .................................. 75
3.1.3 Khanty .......................................... 75
3.1.3.1 Position of the Negative Particle in
Khanty ................................. 77
3.1.4 Mansi ........................................... 80
3.1.4.1 Position of the Negative Particle in
Mansi .................................. 81
3.2 Asymmetric Construction: A/Fin/NegVerb ................. 83
3.2.1 Mator ........................................... 84
3.2.2 Kamas ........................................... 86
3.2.3 Nenets .......................................... 88
3.2.3.1 Position of Negative Auxiliaries in
Nenets ................................. 94
3.2.3.2 Inverse Word Order in Nenets ........... 95
3.2.4 Enets ........................................... 96
3.2.4.1 Inverse Word Order in Enets ........... 100
3.2.5 Nganasan ....................................... 101
3.2.5.1 Position of Negative Auxiliaries in
Nganasan .............................. 107
3.2.5.2 Inverse Word Order in Nganasan ........ 108
3.2.6 Selkup ......................................... 109
3.2.7 Khanty ......................................... 111
3.2.8 Mansi .......................................... 112
III Negation with Semantically not Empty Negative Auxiliaries
1 Selkup ..................................................... 113
2 Nenets ..................................................... 116
3 Enets ...................................................... 119
4 Nganasan ................................................... 123
5 Khanty ..................................................... 127
IV Negation with Negative Lexical Verbs
1 Nenets ..................................................... 130
2 Nganasan ................................................... 131
3 Enets ...................................................... 135
VIII On the Typology of Negation in Ob-Ugric and Samoyedic
Languages
V Negation of Imperative
1 Negative Non-Indicative Constructions in Samoyedic and
Ob-Ugric Languages ........................................ 144
1.1 Symmetric Negation: Spec. Neg. Marker - Common
Imperative Strategy (Type2) .......................... 144
1.1.1 Selkup ........................................ 144
1.1.2 Mansi ......................................... 147
1.1.3 Khanty ........................................ 149
1.2 Asymmetric Negation: Spec. Neg. Marker + Common
Imperative Strategy (Type 2) ......................... 153
1.2.1. Kamas ......................................... 153
1.3 Asymmetric Negation: Spec. Neg. Marker + Special
Imperative Strategy (Type 4) ......................... 157
1.3.1 Tundra Nenets ................................. 157
1.3.2 Enets ......................................... 160
1.4 Asymmetric Negation: Stand. Neg. Marker + Common
Strategy (Type 1) .................................... 164
1.4.1. Nganasan ...................................... 164
1.5 Asymmetric Negation: Stand. Neg. Marker + Special
Strategy (Type 3) .................................... 166
1.5.1. Forest Nenets ................................. 166
VI Existential Sentences
1 Typology of Negated Existential Sentences ................. 176
2 Negated Existential Sentences in Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric
Languages ................................................. 182
2.1 Type В ............................................... 185
2.1.1 Mator ......................................... 185
2.1.2 Kamas ......................................... 186
2.1.3 Nganasan ...................................... 187
2.2 Type A ~ B ........................................... 195
2.2.1 Nenets ........................................ 195
2.2.2 Enets ......................................... 199
2.2.3 Mansi ......................................... 202
2.2.4 Khanty ........................................ 205
2.3 Type В ~ С ........................................... 208
2.3.1 Selkup ........................................ 208
VII Predicate Possessive
1 Have-Possession ........................................... 213
2 Intransitive Construction ................................. 214
3 Typology of Possession Negation ........................... 219
4 Data of the Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric Languages .............. 221
5.1 Type A2 .............................................. 222
5.1.1 Kamas ......................................... 222
5.1.2 Non-Northern Selkup Dialects .................. 223
5.2 Type A3 .............................................. 225
5.2.1 Northern Selkup ............................... 225
5.2.2 Nenets ........................................ 228
5.2.3 Enets ......................................... 237
5.3 Type B1 .............................................. 241
5.3.1 Khanty ........................................ 241
5.3.2 Mansi ......................................... 246
5.4 Type B2 .............................................. 250
5.4.1 Nganasan ...................................... 250
VIII Non-Verbal Predicate
1 Negation of Non-Verbal Predicate Constructions ............ 265
2 Data from Samoyedic and Ob-Ugric Languages ................ 273
2.1 Two-Way Distinction .................................. 273
2.1.1 Nenets ........................................ 273
2.1.2 Enets ......................................... 280
2.1.3 Selkup ........................................ 284
2.1.4 Kamas ......................................... 289
2.1.5 Eastern Khanty ................................ 291
2.2 Three-Way Distinction ................................ 299
2.2.1 Northern Khanty ............................... 299
2.2.2 Northern Mansi ................................ 305
2.2.3 Nganasan ...................................... 312
Summary ...................................................... 317
References ................................................... 321
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