From the Editor ................................................ 13
Zbigniew Sierota, Tadeusz Zachara
1 Stands on post agricultural lands - in the past and today ... 15
References .................................................. 21
Zbigniew Sierota
2 Creative restructuring of pine monocultures ................. 23
References .................................................. 31
Zbigniew Sierota, Monika Małecka
3 Selection criteria for the restructuring of pine stands
growing on former agricultural land ......................... 34
3.1 Criteria for stand selection ........................... 34
3.2 Choice of forest districts and establishment of study
plots .................................................. 38
3.3 Performing the "artificial gap" treatment .............. 40
3.4 Stump inoculation with Phlebiopsis gigantea fungus
and subsequent assessment .............................. 42
References .................................................. 45
Monika Małecka, Zbigniew Sierota, Katarzyna Sikora
4 Biological treatment of artificial gaps ..................... 47
4.1 Stump inoculation with Phlebiopsis gigantea
preparation ............................................ 47
4.1.1 Introduction .................................... 47
4.1.2 Methods ......................................... 48
4.1.3 Effectiveness of treatment ...................... 48
References .................................................. 52
4.2 Genetic verification of P. gigantea and H. annosum
presence in biological treatment plots ................. 52
4.2.1 Procedures used ................................. 52
4.2.2 Material and isolation methods .................. 53
4.2.3 Molecular analysis .............................. 54
4.2.4 Results of analysis ............................. 55
References .................................................. 56
Monika Małecka, Zbigniew Sierota
5 Meteorological conditions ................................... 57
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 57
5.2 Material and methods ................................... 58
5.3 Precipitation .......................................... 59
5.4 Air temperature ........................................ 64
5.5 Sielianinow hydrothermal coefficient (K) ............... 68
References .................................................. 70
Józef Wójcik, Monika Małecka, Zbigniew Sierota
6 Chemical characteristics of the soil ........................ 71
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 71
6.2 Methods ................................................ 73
6.3 Characteristics of stand soils ......................... 74
6.4 Results summary ........................................ 79
References .................................................. 80
Attachments ................................................. 82
Hanna Rekosz-Burlaga, Julitta Gajewska, Mieczysław
K. Błaszczyk
7 Assessment of soil microbial activity ....................... 96
7.1 Introduction ........................................... 96
7.2 Scope of the research .................................. 98
7.3 Material and methods ................................... 99
7.4 Results ............................................... 102
7.4.1 The number of bacteria and fungi in soil
samples taken from pine stands ................. 102
7.4.2 The number of copiotrophs and oligotrophs ...... 103
7.4.3 The number of nitrifying bacteria and their
potential nitrification activity ............... 105
7.4.4 The number of ammonifying bacteria ............. 107
7.4.5 The number of anaerobic and aerobic
cellulolytic bacteria .......................... 108
7.4.6 The values of ATP in soil samples taken from
pine stands .................................... 109
7.4.7 Dehydrogenaze activity in pine stands soil ..... 110
7.4.8 Microbiological activity of soil from the
BIOLOG test .................................... 112
7.4.9 Results summary ................................ 115
References ................................................. 117
Attachments ................................................ 119
Dorota Hilszczańska
8 Mycorrhizal structure of Scots pine stands, in natural
and artificial gaps ........................................ 129
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 129
8.2 Material and methods .................................. 130
8.3 Results ............................................... 131
8.3.1 Mycorrhizal community .......................... 131
8.3.2 Species richness and relative abundance ........ 132
8.3.4 Non-vital mycorrhizae .......................... 136
8.3.5 Diversity of mycorrhizae in 2009-2010 growing
seasons ........................................ 137
8.3.6 Quantitative status of mycorrhizae ............. 138
8.3.7 Analysis of the similarity of ECM on Scots
pine roots ..................................... 138
8.4 Discussion ............................................ 141
References ................................................. 145
Małgorzata Falencka-Jabłońska
9 Floristic dynamics and diversity of gaps ................... 148
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 148
9.2 Material and methods .................................. 150
9.3 Results ............................................... 150
9.3.1 Floristic characteristics of artificial and
natural gaps in subsequent vegetation
periods ........................................ 150
9.3.2 Diversity of artificial and natural gaps and
species richness of plants ..................... 154
9.3.3 Assessment of survival of broadleaved
seedlings in artificial gaps ................... 156
9.3.4 Species diversity of natural regeneration ...... 156
9.4 Discussion ............................................ 157
9.5 Conclusions ........................................... 159
References ................................................. 160
Attachments ................................................ 163
Grzegorz Tarwacki
10 Characteristics of Carabidae species clusters in pine
stands on former agricultural lands susceptible to root
rot ........................................................ 185
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 185
10.2 Material and methods .................................. 186
10.3 Results ............................................... 188
10.3.1 Species characteristics and abundance of
Carabidae ...................................... 188
10.3.2 Carabidae developmental cluster groups ......... 194
10.3.3 Carabidae trophic cluster groups ............... 195
10.3.4 Carabidae environmental cluster groups ......... 196
10.3.5 Carabidae geographical cluster groups .......... 198
10.3.6 Average individual biomass coefficient (SBO) ... 199
10.3.7 The sum of positive traits coefficient (SCP) ... 200
10.3.8 Model SCP/SBO of Carabidae clusters ............ 201
10.4 Discussion ............................................ 202
10.5 Conclusions ........................................... 206
References ................................................. 206
Tadeusz Zachara
11 Stand stability and dynamics of regenerations in natural
and artificial gaps ........................................ 208
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 208
11.2 Material and methods .................................. 209
11.3 Results ............................................... 210
11.3.1 Biometric tree stands characteristics and
scale of tree mortality ........................ 210
11.3.2 Artificial and natural regeneration ............ 219
11.3.2.1 All species ........................... 219
11.3.2.2 Woody species ......................... 222
11.3.2.3 Artificially introduced special ....... 224
11.4 Discussion ............................................ 227
11.5 Conclusions ........................................... 229
References ................................................. 230
Attachments ................................................ 231
Monika Małecka, Alicja Sowińska
12 Health of the stand under restructuring .................... 236
12.1 Occurrence of fungal pathogens ........................ 236
12.1.1 Heterobasidion annosum root rot in stands
growing on former agricultural lands ........... 236
12.1.2 Material and methods ........................... 237
12.1.3 Results ........................................ 237
12.1.4 Conclusions .................................... 241
References ................................................. 242
12.2 Phaenops cyanea in gaps and in the stand .............. 243
12.2.1 Introduction ................................... 243
12.2.2 Material and methods ........................... 245
12.2.3 Results ........................................ 245
12.2.4 Discussion ..................................... 248
12.2.5 Conclusions .................................... 249
References ................................................. 249
Zbigniew Sierota, Mieczysław Błaszczyk, Tadeusz Zachara
13 The impact of the stand restructuring on former
agricultural lands for specific elements of the forest
environment ................................................ 251
13.1 Soil and its components ............................... 251
13.2 Biocoenotic changes in converted stands ............... 258
13.2.1 Artificial gaps ................................ 258
13.2.2 Natural gaps and stands ........................ 264
13.2.3 Initial effects of partial conversion .......... 267
13.3 Conclusions ........................................... 269
References ................................................. 270
Summary ....................................................... 277
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