Aerosols: science and technology (Weinheim, 2010). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаAerosols: science and technology / ed. by I.Agranovski. - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010. - xxxii, 463 p.: ill. (some col.) - ISBN 978-3-5273-2660-0
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
   List of Contributors ...................................... XIII
   List of Symbols ........................................... XVII
   Introduction .............................................. XXIX

1  Introduction to Aerosols ..................................... 1
   Alexey A. Lushnikov
   1.1  Introduction ............................................ 1
   1.2  Aerosol Phenomenology ................................... 2
        1.2.1  Basic Dimensionless Criteria ..................... 2
   1.3  Drag Force and Diffusivity .............................. 6
   1.4  Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles ................. 7
        1.4.1  Flux Matching Exactly ............................ 8
        1.4.2  Flux Matching Approximately ...................... 9
        1.4.3  Charging of a Neutral Particle ................... 9
        1.4.4  Recombination ................................... 10
   1.5  Fractal Aggregates ..................................... 11
        1.5.1  Introduction .................................... 12
        1.5.2  Phenomenology of Fractals ....................... 13
        1.5.4  Formation of Fractal Aggregates ................. 16
        1.5.5  Optics of Fractals .............................. 18
        1.5.6  Are Atmospheric Fractals Long-Lived? ............ 20
        1.5.7  Concluding Remarks .............................. 21
   1.6  Coagulation ............................................ 21
        1.6.1  Asymptotic Distributions in Coagulating
               Systems ......................................... 23
        1.6.2  Gelation in Coagulating Systems ................. 26
   1.7  Laser-Induced Aerosols ................................. 33
        1.7.1  Formation of Plasma Cloud ....................... 33
        1.7.2  Laser-Induced Gelation .......................... 34
   1.8  Conclusion ............................................. 36
   References .................................................. 37

Part I  Aerosol Formation ...................................... 43

2  High-Temperature Aerosol Systems ............................ 45
   Arkadi Maisels
   2.1  Introduction ........................................... 45
   2.2  Main High-Temperature Processes for Aerosol
        Formation .............................................. 45
        2.2.1  Flame Processes ................................. 47
        2.2.2  Hot-Wall Processes .............................. 49
        2.2.3  Plasma Processes ................................ 49
        2.2.4  Laser-Induced Processes ......................... 50
        2.2.5  Gas Dynamically Induced Particle Formation ...... 50
   2.3  Basic Dynamic Processes in High-Temperature Aerosol
        Systems ................................................ 50
        2.3.1  Nucleation ...................................... 52
        2.3.2  Coagulation/Aggregation ......................... 52
        2.3.3  Surface Growth Due to Condensation .............. 55
        2.3.4  Sintering ....................................... 55
        2.3.5  Charging ........................................ 57
   2.4  Particle Tailoring in High-Temperature Processes ....... 59
   References .................................................. 61
3  Aerosol Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes ......... 65
   Albert G. Nasibulin and Sergey D. Shandakov
   3.1  Introduction ........................................... 65
        3.1.1  Carbon Nanotubes as Unique Aerosol Particles .... 65
        3.1.2  History and Perspectives of CNT Synthesis ....... 68
   3.2  Aerosol-Unsupported Chemical Vapor Deposition
        Methods ................................................ 70
        3.2.1  The HiPco Process ............................... 70
        3.2.2  Ferrocene-Based Method .......................... 71
        3.2.3  Hot-Wire Generator .............................. 73
   3.3  Control and Optimization of Aerosol Synthesis .......... 74
        3.3.1  On-Line Monitoring of CNT Synthesis ............. 74
        3.3.2  Individual CNTs and Bundle Separation ........... 76
        3.3.3  CNT Property Control and Nanobud Production ..... 76
   3.4  Carbon Nanotube Bundling and Growth Mechanisms ......... 78
        3.4.1  Bundle Charging ................................. 78
        3.4.2  Growth Mechanism ................................ 80
   3.5  Integration of the Carbon Nanotubes .................... 82
   3.6  Summary ................................................ 84
   Acknowledgements ............................................ 84
   References .................................................. 84
4  Condensation, Evaporation, Nucleation ....................... 91
   Alexey A. Lushnikov
   4.1  Introduction ........................................... 91
   4.2  Condensation ........................................... 92
        4.2.1  Continuum Transport ............................. 93
        4.2.2  Free-Molecule Transport ......................... 93
   4.3  Condensation in the Transition Regime .................. 94
        4.3.1  Flux-Matching Theory ............................ 95
        4.3.2  Approximations .................................. 96
        4.3.3  More Sophisticated Approaches ................... 97
   4.4  Evaporation ............................................ 97
   4.5  Uptake ................................................. 99
        4.5.1  Getting Started ................................ 100
        4.5.2  Hierarchy of Times ............................. 101
        4.5.3  Diffusion in the Gas Phase ..................... 101
        4.5.4  Crossing the Interface ......................... 103
        4.5.5  Transport and Reaction in the Liquid Phase ..... 103
   4.6  Balancing Fluxes ...................................... 104
        4.6.1  No Chemical Interaction ........................ 104
        4.6.2  Second-Order Kinetics .......................... 106
   4.7  Nucleation ............................................ 108
        4.7.1  The Szilard-Farkas Scheme ...................... 109
        4.7.2  Condensation and Evaporation Rates ............. 110
        4.7.3  Thermodynamically Controlled Nucleation ........ 111
        4.7.4  Kinetically Controlled Nucleation .............. 111
        4.7.5  Fluctuation-Controlled Nucleation .............. 113
   4.8  Nucleation-Controlled Processes ....................... 114
        4.8.1  Nucleation Bursts .............................. 114
        4.8.2  Nucleation-Controlled Condensation ............. 115
        4.8.3  Nucleation-Controlled Growth by Coagulation .... 117
        4.8.4  Nucleation Bursts in the Atmosphere ............ 119
   4.9  Conclusion ............................................ 120
   References ................................................. 122
5  Combustion-Derived Carbonaceous Aerosols (Soot) in the
   Atmosphere: Water Interaction and Climate Effects .......... 127
   Olga B. Popovicheva
   5.1  Black Carbon Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Emissions
        and Climate Effects ................................... 127
   5.2  Physico-Chemical Properties of Black Carbon
        Aerosols .............................................. 132
        5.2.1  General Characteristics ........................ 133
        5.2.2  Key Properties Responsible for Interaction
               with Water ..................................... 137
   5.3  Water Uptake by Black Carbons ......................... 140
        5.3.1  Fundamentals of Water Interaction with Black
               Carbons ........................................ 140
        5.3.2  Concept of Quantification ...................... 143
        5.3.3  Laboratory Approach for Water Uptake
               Measurements ................................... 144
        5.3.4  Quantification of Water Uptake ................. 146
   5.4  Conclusions ........................................... 152
   Acknowledgements ........................................... 153
   References ................................................. 153
6  Radioactive Aerosols - Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Case
   Study ...................................................... 159
   Boris I. Ogorodnikov
   6.1  Introduction .......................................... 159
   6.2  Environmental Aerosols ................................ 164
        6.2.1  Dynamics of Release of Radioactive Aerosols
               from Chernobyl ................................. 164
        6.2.2  Transport of Radioactive Clouds in the
               Northern Hemisphere ............................ 166
        6.2.3  Observation of Radioactive Aerosols above
               Chernobyl ...................................... 168
        6.2.4  Observations of Radioactive Aerosols in the
               Territory around Chernobyl ..................... 171
        6.2.5  Dispersity of Aerosol Carriers of
               Radionuclides .................................. 183
   6.3  Aerosols inside the Vicinity of the "Shelter"
        Building .............................................. 185
        6.3.1  Devices and Methods to Control Radioactive
               Aerosols in the "Shelter" ...................... 185
        6.3.2  Control of Discharge from the "Shelter" ........ 185
        6.3.3  Weil-Boring in Search of Remaining Nuclear
               Fuel ........................................... 186
        6.3.4  Clearance of the Turbine Island of the Fourth
               Power Generating Unit .......................... 188
        6.3.5  Strengthening of the Seats of Beams on the
               Roof of the "Shelter" .......................... 189
        6.3.6  Aerosols Generated during Fires in the
               "Shelter" ...................................... 191
        6.3.7  Dust Control System ............................ 192
        6.3.8  Control of the Release of Radioactive
               Aerosols through the "Bypass" System ........... 192
        6.3.9  Radon, Thoron and their Daughter Products in
               the "Shelter" .................................. 195
   References ................................................. 197

Part II Aerosol Measurement and Characterization .............. 203

7  Applications of Optical Methods for Micrometer and
   Submicrometer Particle Measurements ........................ 205
   Aladár Czitrovszky
   7.1  Introduction .......................................... 205
   7.2  Optical Methods in Particle Measurements .............. 206
   7.3  Short Overview of Light Scattering Theories ........... 208
   7.4  Classification of Optical Instruments for Particle
        Measurements .......................................... 213
        7.4.1  Multi-Particle Instruments ..................... 213
        7.4.2  Single-Particle Instruments .................... 214
   7.5  Development of Airborne and Liquid-borne Particle
        Counters and Sizers ................................... 215
        7.5.1  Development of Airborne Particle Counters ...... 216
        7.5.2  Development of Liquid-borne Particle
               Counters ....................................... 222
   7.6  New Methods Used to Characterize the Electrical
        Charge and Density of the Particles ................... 225
   7.7  Aerosol Analyzers for Measurement of the Complex
        Refractive Index of Aerosol Particles ................. 227
   7.8  Comparison of Commercially Available Instruments and
        Analysis of the Trends of Further Developments ........ 229
        7.8.1  Portable Particle Counters ..................... 230
        7.8.2  Remote Particle Counters ....................... 230
        7.8.3  Multi-Particle Counters ........................ 233
        7.8.4  Handheld Particle Counters ..................... 233
   7.9  Conclusions ........................................... 233
   References ................................................. 234
8  The Inverse Problem and Aerosol Measurements ............... 241
   Valery A. Zagaynov
   8.1  Introduction .......................................... 241
   8.2  Forms of Representation of Particle Size
        Distribution .......................................... 243
   8.3  Differential and Integral Measurements ................ 245
   8.4  Differential Mobility Analysis ........................ 246
   8.5  Diffusion Aerosol Spectrometry ........................ 252
        8.5.1  Raw Measurement Results and their Development
               - Parameterization of Particle Size
               Distribution ................................... 254
        8.5.2  Fitting of Penetration Curves .................. 256
        8.5.3  Transformation of the Integral Equation into
               Nonlinear Algebraic Form ....................... 257
        8.5.4  Effect of Experimental Errors on
               Reconstruction of Particle Size Distribution ... 259
        8.5.5  Reconstruction of Bimodal Distributions ........ 261
        8.5.6  Mathematical Approach to Reconstruct Bimodal
               Distribution from Particle Penetration Data .... 264
        8.5.7  Solution of the Inverse Problem by
               Regularization Method .......................... 266
   8.6  Conclusions ........................................... 268
   References ................................................. 269

Part III Aerosol Removal ...................................... 273

9  History of Development and Present State of Polymeric
   Fine-Fiber Unwoven Petryanov Filter Materials for Aerosol
   Entrapment ................................................. 275
   Bogdan F. Sadovsky
   References ................................................. 282
10 Deposition of Aerosol Nanoparticles in Model Fibrous
   Filters .................................................... 283
   Vasily A. Kirsch and Alexander A. Kirsch
   10.1 Introduction .......................................... 283
   10.2 Results of Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle
        Deposition in Two-Dimensional Model Filters ........... 287
        10.2.1 Fiber Collection Efficiency at High Peclet
               Number: Cell Model Approach .................... 287
        10.2.2 Fiber Collection Efficiency at Low Peclet
               Number: Row of Fibers Approach ................. 289
        10.2.3 Deposition of Nanoparticles upon Ultra-Fine
               Fibers ......................................... 292
        10.2.4 Deposition of Nanoparticles on Fibers with
               Non-Circular Cross-Section ..................... 294
        10.2.5 Deposition of Nanoparticles on Porous and
               Composite Fibers ............................... 298
   10.3 Penetration of Nanoparticles through Wire Screen
        Diffusion Batteries ................................... 302
        10.3.1 Deposition of Nanoparticles in Three-
               Dimensional Model Filters ...................... 302
        10.3.2 Theory of Particle Deposition on Screens with
               Square Mesh .................................... 304
        10.3.3 Comparison with Experiment ..................... 305
   10.4 Conclusion ............................................ 310
   Acknowledgements ........................................... 311
   References ................................................. 311
11 Filtration of Liquid and Solid Aerosols on Liquid-Coated
   Filters .................................................... 315
   Igor E. Agranovski
   11.1 Introduction .......................................... 315
   11.2 Wettable Filtration Materials ......................... 316
        11.2.1 Theoretical Aspects ............................ 318
        11.2.2 Practical Aspects .............................. 320
        11.2.3 Inactivation of Bioaerosols on Fibers Coated
               by a Disinfectant .............................. 326
   11.3 Non-Wettable Filtration Materials ..................... 327
        11.3.1 Theoretical Aspects ............................ 327
        11.3.2 Practical Aspects of Non-Wettable Filter
               Design ......................................... 330
   11.4 Filtration on a Porous Medium Submerged into
        a Liquid .............................................. 330
        11.4.1 Theoretical Approach ........................... 330
        11.4.2 Application of the Technique for Viable
               Bioaerosol Monitoring .......................... 337
   References ................................................. 340

Part IV  Atmospheric and Biological Aerosols .................. 343

12 Atmospheric Aerosols ....................................... 345
   Lev S. Ivlev
   12.1 General Concepts ...................................... 345
   12.2 Atmospheric Aerosols of Different Nature .............. 348
        12.2.1 Soil Aerosols .................................. 348
        12.2.2 Marine Aerosols ................................ 351
        12.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols .............................. 354
        12.2.4 Aerosols In situ - Secondary Aerosols .......... 358
        12.2.5 Biogenic Small Gas Compounds and Aerosols ...... 360
   12.3 Temporal and Dimensional Structure of Atmospheric
        Aerosols .............................................. 363
        12.3.1 Aerosols in the Troposphere .................... 363
   12.4 Aerosols in the Stratosphere .......................... 371
   References ................................................. 377
13 Biological Aerosols ........................................ 379
   Sergey A. Grinshpun
   13.1 Introduction .......................................... 379
   13.2 History of Bioaerosol Research ........................ 379
   13.3 Main Definitions and Types of Bioaerosol Particles .... 381
   13.4 Sources of Biological Particles and their
        Aerosolization ........................................ 383
   13.5 Sampling and Collection ............................... 384
        13.5.1 Impaction ...................................... 386
        13.5.2 Collection into Liquid ......................... 388
        13.5.3 Filter Collection .............................. 389
        13.5.4 Gravitational Settling ......................... 390
        13.5.5 Electrostatic Precipitation .................... 390
   13.6 Analysis .............................................. 391
   13.7 Real-Time Measurement of Bioaerosols .................. 393
   13.8 Purification of Indoor Air Contaminated with
        Bioaerosol Particles and Respiratory Protection ....... 393
        13.8.1 Air Purification ............................... 393
        13.8.2 Respiratory Protection ......................... 396
   References ................................................. 398
14 Atmospheric Bioaerosols .................................... 407
   Aleksandr S. Safatov, Galina A. Buryak, Irina
   S. Andreeva, Sergei E. Olkin, Irina K. Reznikova,
   Aleksandr N. Sergeev, Boris D. Belan and Mikhail
   V. Panchenko
   14.1 Introduction .......................................... 407
   14.2 Methods of Atmospheric Bioaerosol Research ............ 408
        14.2.1 Methods and Equipment for Atmospheric
               Bioaerosol Sampling ............................ 409
        14.2.2 Methods to Analyze the Chemical Composition
               of Atmospheric Bioaerosols and their
               Morphology ..................................... 411
        14.2.3 Methods Used to Detect and Characterize
               Microorganisms in Atmospheric Bioaerosols ...... 416
   14.3 Atmospheric Bioaerosol Studies ........................ 421
        14.3.1 Time Variation of Concentrations and
               Composition of Atmospheric Bioaerosol
               Components ..................................... 421
        14.3.2 Spatial Variation of the Concentrations and
               Composition of Atmospheric Bioaerosol
               Components ..................................... 432
        14.3.3 Possible Sources of Atmospheric Bioaerosols
               and their Transfer in the Atmosphere ........... 436
        14.3.4 The Use of Snow Cover Samples to Analyze
               Atmospheric Bioaerosols ........................ 438
        14.3.5 Potential Danger of Atmospheric Bioaerosols
               for Humans and Animals ......................... 442
   14.4 Conclusion ............................................ 446
   References ................................................. 448

   Index ...................................................... 455


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