Carbon nanotube and related field emitters: fundamentals and applications / ed. by Y.Saito. - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010. - xxiv, 479 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-3-527-32734-8  Место хранения:   08 | Институт физики им. Л.В.Киренского СО РАН | Красноярск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ................................................... XVII List of Contributors ....................................... XIX Part I Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes 1 Structures and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes ................. 3 Yahachi Saito 1.1 Structures of Carbon Nanotubes .......................... 3 1.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes ........................... 7 1.3 Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes .............................................. 10 2 Preparation of CNT Emitters ................................. 15 Yahachi Saito 2.1 Introduction ........................................... 15 2.2 CNT Point Emitters ..................................... 15 2.2 A Direct Growth on the Apex of a Tip ................... 18 2.3 CNT Film Emitters ...................................... 19 3 Preparation of Patterned CNT Emitters ....................... 23 Mark Mann, William Ireland Milne, and Kenneth Boh Khin Teo 3.1 Background ............................................. 23 3.2 Growth of Carbon Nanotubes from Patterned Catalysts .... 25 3.3 Single Nanotube Growth - Requirements and Uniformity ... 28 3.4 Nanotube Growth without Surface Carbon ................. 32 3.5 Summary ................................................ 38 Acknowledgments ............................................. 40 References .................................................. 40 Part II Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes .................. 41 4 Field Emission Theory ....................................... 43 Seungwu Han 4.1 Fowler-Nordheim Theory ................................. 43 4.2 Field Emission from CNTs ............................... 44 4.3 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 52 References 52 5 Field Emission from Graphitic Nanostructures ................ 55 Kazuyuki Watanahe and Masaaki Araidai 5.1 Introduction ........................................... 55 5.2 Method and Model ....................................... 56 5.3 Results ................................................ 57 5.4 Conclusion ............................................. 64 Acknowledgments ............................................. 64 References .................................................. 65 6 The Optical Performance of Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters ... 67 Niels de Jonge 6.1 Introduction ........................................... 67 6.2 Making an Electron Source from an Individual Carbon Nanotube ............................................... 68 6.3 The Emission Process ................................... 69 6.4 The Brightness ......................................... 74 6.5 Conclusions ............................................ 78 Acknowledgments ............................................. 78 References .................................................. 78 7 Heat Generation and Losses in Carbon Nanotubes during Field Emission .............................................. 81 Stephen T. Purcell, Pascal Vincent, and Anthony Ayari 7.1 Introduction ........................................... 81 7.2 Heat Diffusion Equation for Nanotubes .................. 83 7.3 Simulations ............................................ 85 7.4 Experiments ............................................ 88 7.5 Conclusion ............................................. 92 References .................................................. 92 8 Field Emission Microscopy of Multiwall CNTs ................. 95 Yahachi Saito 8.1 Introduction ........................................... 95 8.2 FEM of Carbon Nanotubes ................................ 96 8.3 Field Emission from Adsorbates on an MWNT .............. 99 8.4 Resolution in FEM and Possible Observation of Atomic Detail ................................................ 105 8.5 Concluding Remarks 106 References ..................... 107 9 In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of CNT Emitters ... 109 Koji Asaka and Yahachi Saito 9.1 Introduction .......................................... 109 9.2 Degradation and Failure of Nanotubes at Large Emission Current Conditions ........................... 110 9.3 Effect of Tip Structure of Nanotubes on Field Emission .............................................. 112 9.4 Relationship between Field Emission and Gap Width ..... 113 9.5 Other Studies by In situ ТЕМ of CNT Emitters .......... 114 References ................................................. 116 10 Field Emission from Single-Wall Nanotubes .................. 119 Kenneth A. Dean 10.1 Introduction .......................................... 119 10.2 Single-Wall Nanotubes and Field Emission .............. 119 10.3 Measuring the Properties of a Single SWNT ............. 120 10.4 Field Emission from a Clean SWNT Surface .............. 121 10.5 SWNT-Adsorbate Field Emission ......................... 131 10.6 Field Emission Stability .............................. 136 10.7 Conclusions ........................................... 140 References ................................................. 140 11 Simulated Electric Field in an Array of CNTs ............... 143 Hidekazu Murata and Hiroshi Shimoyama 11.1 Introduction .......................................... 143 11.2 Simulation Method ..................................... 143 11.3 Computational Model ................................... 145 11.4 Field Analysis for the VA-CNT System .................. 148 11.5 Field Analysis for VA-CNT System with Uniform Length ................................................ 150 11.6 Field Analysis for VA-CNT System with Nonuniform Length ................................................ 154 11.7 Effect of Shape of CNT Apex ........................... 157 11.8 Effect of CNT Length .................................. 158 11.9 Electric Field Analysis of Network-Structured CNT System ................................................ 160 References ................................................. 162 12 Surface Coating of CNT Emitters ............................ 163 Yoshikazu Nakayama 12.1 Effects of Surface Coating of CNT Emitters ............ 164 12.2 Field Emission from Individual CNT Coated with BN ..... 167 12.3 Field Emission from Brush-Like CNTs Coated with MgO ... 169 12.4 Field Emission from Brush-Like CNTs Coated with TiC ... 172 References ................................................. 174 Part III Field Emission from Related Nanomaterials ............ 177 13 Graphite Nanoneedle Field Emitter .......................... 179 Takahiro Matsumoto and Hidenori Mimura 13.1 Introduction .......................................... 179 13.2 Fabrication and Structure Characterization ............ 179 13.3 Field Emission Characteristics ........................ 182 13.4 Applications .......................................... 182 13.5 Stochastic Model ...................................... 188 13.6 Summary ............................................... 191 References ................................................. 191 14 Field Emission from Carbon Nanowalls ....................... 193 Masaru Hori and Mineo Hiramatsu 14.1 General Description of Carbon Nanowalls ............... 193 14.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanowall Films .................... 194 14.3 Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanowalls ......... 199 14.4 Surface Treatment for Improvement of Field Emission Properties ............................................ 200 14.5 Prospects for the Future .............................. 203 References ................................................. 203 15 Flexible Field Emitters: Carbon Nanofibers ................. 205 Masaki Tanemura and Shu-Ping Lau 15.1 Introduction .......................................... 205 15.2 Room Temperature Fabrication of Ion-Induced Carbon Nanofibers ............................................ 205 15.3 Applications to Field Electron Emission Sources ....... 208 15.4 Summary ............................................... 215 References ................................................. 215 16 Diamond Emitters ........................................... 219 Shozo Kono 16.1 Field Emission from Intrinsic or p-Type Diamonds ...... 219 16.2 Field Emission from Nitrogen-Doped n-Type Diamonds .... 220 16.3 Field Emission from Phosphorus-Doped n-Type Diamonds .............................................. 221 16.4 Electron Emission from pn-Junction Diamond Diodes ..... 225 16.5 Other Application of Diamond Emitter .................. 228 References ................................................. 229 17 ZnO Nanowires and Si Nanowires ............................. 231 Baoqing Zeng and Zhi Feng Ren 17.1 Introduction .......................................... 231 Baoqing Zeng and Zhi Feng Ren Introduction 17.2 Synthesis of ZnO and Si Nanowires or Nanobelts ........ 231 17.3 Field Emission of Si and ZnO Nanowires ................ 241 17.4 Summary ............................................... 253 Acknowledgment ............................................. 253 References ................................................. 253 Part IV Applications of Carbon Nanotubes ...................... 259 18 Lamp Devices and Character Displays ........................ 262 Sashiro Uemura 18.1 Introduction .......................................... 262 18.2 Lamp Devices for Light Sources ........................ 262 18.3 Super-High-Luminance Light Source Device .............. 266 18.4 Summary of Lamp Devices ............................... 272 18.5 Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Displays for Low- Power Character Displays .............................. 272 18.6 Summary of the Display Panel .......................... 282 Acknowledgments ............................................ 284 References ................................................. 284 19 Screen-Printed Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters for Display Applications ............................................... 287 Yong Churl Kim, In Taek Han, and Jong Min Kim 19.1 Introduction .......................................... 287 19.2 Formulation of Photoimageable CNT Paste ............... 292 19.3 Posttreatment ......................................... 295 19.4 Field Emission Display Based on Printed CNTs .......... 300 19.5 Conclusion ............................................ 306 References ................................................. 307 20 Nanotube Field Emission Displays: Nanotube Integration by Direct Growth Techniques ................................... 311 Kenneth A. Dean 20.1 Introduction .......................................... 311 20.2 Field Emission Display Design and Drive Voltage ....... 312 20.3 Fabricating the Display ............................... 316 20.4 Luminance Uniformity and Control and Nanotube Distributions ......................................... 321 20.5 Display Performance ................................... 323 20.6 Sealing ............................................... 327 20.7 Operating Lifetime .................................... 328 20.8 Conclusions ........................................... 329 References ................................................. 330 21 Transparent-Like CNT-FED ................................... 333 Takeshi Tonegawa, Masateru Taniguchi, and Shigeo Itoh 21.1 Diode-Type CNT-FED .................................... 333 21.2 Structure of Diode-Type CNT-FED ....................... 333 21.3 Characteristics of CNT-FED ............................ 335 21.4 Relation between Gap and Emission ..................... 337 21.5 Property of CNT-FED ................................... 338 21.6 Nonevaporable Getter .................................. 338 21.7 Summary ............................................... 340 References ................................................. 341 22 CNT-Based FEL for BLU in LCD ............................... 343 Yoon-Ho Song, Jin-Woo Jeong, and Dae-Jun Kim 22.1 Introduction .......................................... 343 22.2 CNT-FEL Structure ..................................... 346 22.3 CNT Cathode ........................................... 348 22.4 Anode ................................................. 356 22.5 Vacuum Packaging ...................................... 358 22.6 Driving and Characterization .......................... 360 22.7 Future Works .......................................... 368 Acknowledgments ............................................ 368 References ................................................. 368 23 High-Current-Density Field Emission Electron Source ........ 373 Shigeki Kato and Tsuneyuki Noguchi 23.1 Introduction .......................................... 373 23.2 Guiding Principles and Practical Methods for High- Performance Emitter ................................... 374 23.3 Impregnation of RuO2 and OsO2 ......................... 379 23.4 CNT Rooting ........................................... 380 23.5 Effect of Impregnation on Field Emission Properties ... 381 23.6 Effect of Rooting on Field Emission Properties ........ 384 23.7 Influence of Residual Gas ............................. 386 References ................................................. 388 24 High-Resolution Microfocused X-ray Source with Functions of Scanning Electron Microscope ............................ 389 Koichi Hata and Ryosuke Yabushita 24.1 Introduction .......................................... 389 24.2 Multiwalled CNT Field Emission Cathode ................ 390 24.3 Construction of High-Resolution Transmission X-ray Microscope Equipped with the Function of SEM .......... 392 24.4 Characteristic Evaluation of High-Resolution X-ray Microscope Provided with SEM Function ................. 394 24.5 Factors Limiting Resolution of X-ray Transmission Image ................................................. 396 24.6 Conclusion ............................................ 398 References ................................................. 399 25 Miniature X-ray Tubes ...................................... 401 Fumio Okuyama 25.1 Introduction .......................................... 401 25.2 Our Technical Basis for Miniaturizing X-ray Tubes ..... 402 25.3 The Pd Emitter ........................................ 404 25.4 Devising X-ray Tubes with Miniature Dimensions ........ 405 25.5 Status Quo of Our MXT Technique ....................... 413 25.6 Future Prospect of MXTs in Radiation Therapy .......... 416 References ................................................. 416 26 Carbon Nanotube-Based Field Emission X-ray Technology ...... 417 Otto Zhou and Xiomara Calderon-Colon 26.1 Introduction .......................................... 417 26.2 Fabrication of CNT Cathodes for X-ray Generation ...... 420 26.3 Field Emission Microfocus X-ray Tube .................. 425 26.4 Distributed Multibeam Field Emission X-ray ............ 428 26.5 Imaging Systems ....................................... 430 26.6 Summary and Outlook ................................... 434 Acknowledgments ............................................ 434 References ................................................. 435 27 Microwave Amplifiers ....................................... 439 Pierre Legagneux, Pierrick Guiset, Nicolas Le Sech, Jean-Philippe Schnell, Laurent Gangloff, William I. Milne, Costel S. Cojocaru, and Didier Pribat 27.1 Introduction .......................................... 439 27.2 State of the Art of Thermionic Cathodes and Methodology to Review CNT Cathodes .................... 441 27.3 CNT-Based Electron Guns as High Current Electron Sources ............................................... 444 27.4 CNT Cathodes Delivering a Modulated Electron Beam ..... 450 27.5 Conclusion ............................................ 466 References ................................................. 468 Index ...................................................... 471