Single-Sided NMR (Berlin; Heidelberg, 2011). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаSingle-Sided NMR / ed. by F.Casanova, J.Perlo, B.Blümich. - Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2011. - xiii, 244 p.: ill. (some col.). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.241-244. - ISBN 978-3-642-16306-7
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
1  Single-Sided NMR ............................................. 1
   Federico Casanova, Juan Perlo, and Bernhard Blümich
   1.1  Development of Open NMR Sensors ......................... 2
        1.1.1  Well-Logging Tools ............................... 2
        1.1.2  Mobile Single-Sided Sensors ...................... 3
        1.1.3  The NMR-MOUSE .................................... 4
   1.2  Methods for Mobile NMR .................................. 6
   References ................................................... 7

2  NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields ................................. 11
   Federico Casanova and Juan Perlo
   2.1  Introduction ........................................... 11
        2.1.1  Evolution of the Magnetization During a Pulse
               Sequence ........................................ 12
        2.1.2  Separation of the Magnetization into Coherence
               Pathways ........................................ 14
        2.1.3  Numerical Calculation of the NMR Signal ......... 20
   2.2  Pulse Sequence Analysis ................................ 21
        2.2.1  Single rf Pulse ................................. 21
        2.2.2  The Generation of Hahn Echoes ................... 23
        2.2.3  The CPMG Sequence ............................... 28
        2.2.4  Inversion and Saturation Recovery ............... 35
        2.2.5  Diffusion Measurements .......................... 42
   2.3  The SNR in Inhomogeneous Fields ........................ 47
        2.3.1  The Reciprocity Principle ....................... 48
        2.3.2  Numerical Calculations of the SNR ............... 49
        2.3.3  An Analytical Solution for the SNR .............. 55
   References .................................................. 55

3  Ex Situ Measurement of One- and Two-Dimensional
   Distribution Functions ...................................... 57
   Martin D. Hürlimann
   3.1  Introduction ........................................... 57
        3.1.1  Relaxation ...................................... 57
        3.1.2  Diffusion ....................................... 58
        3.1.3  Diffusion-Relaxation Distribution Functions ..... 58
   3.2  Pulse Sequences and Spin Dynamics in Inhomogeneous
        Fields ................................................. 59
        3.2.1  Relaxation Measurement: Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-
               Gill Sequence ................................... 59
        3.2.2  Diffusion Measurements with Static Gradients .... 62
        3.2.3  T1 Measurements in Inhomogeneous Fields ......... 64
   3.3  One-Dimensional Distribution Functions ................. 64
        3.3.1  Data Inversion .................................. 65
        3.3.2  Regularization .................................. 67
        3.3.3  Systematic Errors ............................... 68
        3.3.4  Uncertainties ................................... 68
   3.4  Two-Dimensional Diffusion-Relaxation Distribution
        Functions .............................................. 69
        3.4.1  Two-Dimensional Diffusion-Relaxation
               Measurements .................................... 69
        3.4.2  Data Analysis ................................... 71
        3.4.3  Interpretation of Distribution Functions ........ 73
   3.5  Applications of Two-Dimensional Distribution
        Functions .............................................. 74
        3.5.1  Two-Component Systems ........................... 75
        3.5.2  Wettability ..................................... 76
        3.5.3  Complex Miscible Fluid .......................... 77
        3.5.4  Structured Fluid ................................ 78
        3.5.5  Pore Geometry of Porous Media ................... 79
   3.6  Conclusion ............................................. 81
   References .................................................. 82

4  Magnets and Coils for Single-Sided NMR ...................... 87
   Juan Perlo
   4.1  Magnets ................................................ 88
        4.1.1  B0 Perpendicular to the Sensor Surface, the
               Bar Magnet Geometry ............................. 89
        4.1.2  B0 Parallel to the Sensor Surface, the
               U-Shaped Geometry ............................... 93
        4.1.3  Magnets for Depth Profiling ..................... 95
        4.1.4  Sweet-Spot Magnets .............................. 99
   4.2  RF Coils .............................................. 102
        4.2.1  Coils for Depth Profiling ...................... 103
        4.2.2  Coils for Sweet-Spot Magnets ................... 105
   4.3  Gradient Coils ........................................ 107
   References ................................................. 108

5  Single-Sided Tomography .................................... 1ll
   Federico Casanova
   5.1  Depth Resolution Using the Static Field Gradient ...... 1ll
   5.2  Spatial Encoding by Fourier Imaging ................... 113
   5.3  Multi-Echo Acquisition Schemes ........................ 117
        5.3.1  RARE-Like Imaging Sequence ..................... 117
        5.3.2  CPMG-CP for Quadrature Detection ............... 121
   5.4  Performance of the Multi-Echo Detection Scheme ........ 125
        5.4.1  Sensitivity Improvement ........................ 125
        5.4.2  Relaxation and Diffusion Contrast .............. 126
        5.4.3  3D Imaging ..................................... 128
   5.5  Displacement Encoding ................................. 129
        5.5.1  PFG Methods in Inhomogeneous Fields ............ 130
        5.5.2  Measurement of Velocity Distributions .......... 135
   5.6  Spatially Resolved Velocity Distributions ............. 137
        5.6.1  2D Velocity Maps ............................... 137
   References ................................................. 140

6  High-Resolution NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields ................ 143
   Vasiliki Demas, John M. Franck, Jeffrey A. Reimer, and
   Alexander Pines
   6.1  Introduction .......................................... 143
   6.2  Approaches Based on Spin Interactions ................. 144
   6.3  Ex Situ NMR: Spatially Dependent "z-Rotations" ........ 145
        6.3.1  Ex Situ Matching: Compensating Static Field
               Inhomogeneities via Spatially Matched rf ....... 147
        6.3.2  Shim Pulses: Corrections Based on Gradient
               Modulations During an Adiabatic Double
               Passage ........................................ 157
        6.3.3  Adjusted Chirp Shim Pulses ..................... 160
   6.4  Summary ............................................... 162
   References ................................................. 162

7  High-Resolution Spectroscopy in Highly Homogeneous Stray
   Fields ..................................................... 165
   Ernesto P. Danieli
   7.1  Sensor Design ......................................... 166
        7.1.1  Main Unit ...................................... 166
        7.1.2  Shim Unit ...................................... 167
   7.2  Shimming Magnetic Fields with Movable Permanent
        Magnets ............................................... 170
        7.2.1  Generation of Linear Terms Along у ............. 171
        7.2.2  Generation of Linear Terms Along x and z ....... 172
        7.2.3  Generation of Quadratic Terms x2 and z2 ........ 172
   7.3  Experimental Results .................................. 175
   7.4  Shimming the Magnet to Higher Order ................... 177
        7.4.1  Improving Resolution and Working Volume Size ... 178
   7.5  Temperature Compensation .............................. 181
   7.6  Conclusions ........................................... 185
   References ................................................. 185

8  Applications in Biology and Medicine ....................... 187
   Bernhard Blümich
   8.1  Skin .................................................. 188
   8.2  Tendon ................................................ 192
   8.3  Mummies and Bones ..................................... 194
   8.4  Unilateral Imaging of Biological Matter ............... 196
   8.5  Conclusions ........................................... 198
   References ................................................. 199

9  Applications in Material Science and Cultural Heritage ..... 203
   Jürgen Kolz
   9.1  Elastomers ............................................ 204
        9.1.1  Crosslink Density .............................. 204
        9.1.2  Aging .......................................... 206
        9.1.3  Imaging ........................................ 209
   9.2  Hard Polymers ......................................... 212
        9.2.1  Ingress of Solvents ............................ 215
   9.3  Cultural Heritage ..................................... 217
   References ................................................. 219

10 Spectrometer Hardware ...................................... 221
   Jörg Felder
   10.1 Single-Sided vs. Conventional: Systematic
        Differences ........................................... 222
   10.2 Frontend Design ....................................... 223
        10.2.1 Matching and Balancing ......................... 223
        10.2.2 Transmit-Receive Switching ..................... 226
   10.3 Transmitter Design .................................... 228
        10.3.1 Conventional Power Amplifiers .................. 229
        10.3.2 Alternative Amplifier Designs .................. 230
   10.4 Receiver Design ....................................... 233
        10.4.1 Low-Noise Amplifier ............................ 234
        10.4.2 Frequency Generation and Mixing ................ 235
   10.5 Digital Hardware ...................................... 237
        10.5.1 Frontend Signal Processor Selection ............ 237
        10.5.2 Digital Phase Sensitive Detector ............... 239
   References ................................................. 239

Index ......................................................... 241


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