Introduction .................................................... 1
1 Finding a problem ............................................ 6
1.1 Early life .............................................. 6
1.2 Manchester .............................................. 7
1.3 The Principles of Mathematics .......................... 10
1.4 Logicism ............................................... 13
1.5 Russell's paradox ...................................... 15
2 First steps ................................................. 18
2.1 Cambridge .............................................. 18
2.2 On denoting ............................................ 20
2.3 Sense-data ............................................. 23
3 Matter ...................................................... 26
3.1 The project ............................................ 26
3.2 On matter .............................................. 27
3.3 Dawes Hicks ............................................ 30
3.4 The relation of sense-data to physics .................. 33
3.5 The atomistic assumption ............................... 36
4 Analysis .................................................... 39
4.1 Inference or construction? ............................. 39
4.2 Wittgenstein's conception .............................. 43
4.3 Practicalities ......................................... 45
5 The fundamental thought ..................................... 49
5.1 Why logic? ............................................. 49
5.2 Logical constants as incomplete symbols ................ 51
5.3 There are no logical constants ......................... 52
5.4 There are no real variables ............................ 54
5.5 Logic as a special science ............................. 57
5.6 Logic as contentless ................................... 58
5.7 The fundamental thought ................................ 61
6 The symbolic turn ........................................... 63
6.1 Propositions ........................................... 63
6.2 The rejection of psychologism .......................... 64
6.3 The reliability of language ............................ 66
6.4 Conflicting conceptions ................................ 68
7 Simplicity .................................................. 70
7.1 Realism ................................................ 70
7.2 Solipsism .............................................. 73
7.3 Idealism ............................................... 74
7.4 Reconciliation ......................................... 76
8 Unity ....................................................... 78
8.1 The copula ............................................. 78
8.2 There cannot be different types of things .............. 80
8.3 The theory of types is superfluous ..................... 82
9 Fregean propositions ........................................ 86
9.1 Frege's notion of assertion ............................ 86
9.2 Propositions are not names of truth-values ............. 88
9.3 Whose influence? ....................................... 89
9.4 Propositions as articulate ............................. 91
10 Assertion ................................................... 94
10.1 The judgment stroke as force indicator ................. 94
10.2 Asserted and unasserted propositions ................... 95
10.3 Assertion as psychological ............................. 98
10.4 Psychology ............................................. 99
11 Complex and fact ........................................... 102
11.1 A world of facts, not of things ....................... 102
11.2 Influences ............................................ 104
11.3 Russell on facts ...................................... 106
12 Forms ...................................................... 109
12.1 Form as name .......................................... 109
12.2 Form as function ...................................... 111
12.3 The form of a fact .................................... 113
12.4 The unity of the proposition .......................... 114
12.5 The symbolic turn again ............................... 116
13 Russell's theory of judgment ............................... 118
13.1 The original multiple relation theory ................. 118
13.2 A problem for the original theory ..................... 120
13.3 Russell's revised theory .............................. 122
13.4 Wittgenstein's further objection ...................... 124
13.5 Acquaintance .......................................... 125
13.6 Another formulation ................................... 126
13.7 The fate of the multiple relation theory .............. 128
13.8 Other accounts ........................................ 129
14 Meaning .................................................... 132
14.1 Russell's lectures on logical atomism ................. 133
14.2 Propositions are not names of their meanings .......... 135
14.3 Meanings as facts ..................................... 137
14.4 The demise of prepositional meaning ................... 140
15 Metaphysics ................................................ 142
15.1 Disjunctive facts ..................................... 142
15.2 Negative facts ........................................ 143
15.3 Summing facts ......................................... 145
15.4 General facts ......................................... 147
15.5 Logical data .......................................... 149
16 Sense ...................................................... 151
16.1 Semantic value ........................................ 151
16.2 The semantic value of a form .......................... 153
16.3 The compass-needle analogy ............................ 155
16.4 Grain ................................................. 156
17 Truth-functions ............................................ 158
17.1 Using primitive signs ................................. 158
17.2 Truth-tables .......................................... 160
17.3 Truth-diagrams ........................................ 161
17.4 Comparison ............................................ 163
18 Truth-operations ........................................ 165
18.1 The problem ........................................... 165
18.2 The solution .......................................... 166
18.3 Duality ............................................... 168
19 Molecular propositions ..................................... 170
19.1 Terminology ........................................... 170
19.2 Which fact? ........................................... 171
19.3 Poles ................................................. 173
19.4 The inputs ............................................ 174
20 Generality ................................................. 177
20.1 Variables as classes of propositions .................. 177
20.2 Notation .............................................. 180
20.3 Undecidability ........................................ 181
21 Resolving the paradoxes .................................... 184
21.1 Russell's theory of types ............................. 184
21.2 Wittgenstein's vicious circle principle ............... 186
21.3 Types as classes of propositions ...................... 188
21.4 Types and molecular propositions ...................... 189
21.5 Types and generality .................................. 190
21.6 Uniting generality and truth-functions ................ 191
21.7 The general form of proposition ....................... 192
21.8 Unsayability .......................................... 194
22 Typical ambiguity .......................................... 196
22.1 Typical ambiguity ..................................... 196
22.2 Independent indefinables .............................. 199
22.3 Whitehead ............................................. 200
23 Identity ................................................... 204
23.1 Russell's definition .................................. 204
23.2 Eliminating identity .................................. 206
23.3 The notational problem ................................ 207
24 Sign and symbol ............................................ 209
24.1 Seeing through to the symbol .......................... 209
24.2 Same sign, different symbol ........................... 210
24.3 Same symbol, different sign ........................... 212
24.4 Symbol in terms of sign ............................... 214
24.5 The symbol vanishes ................................... 216
25 Wittgenstein's theory of judgment .......................... 218
25.1 Russell's later views ................................. 218
25.2 The theory of judgment in the Notes ................... 219
25.3 Wittgenstein's later theory of judgment ............... 220
25.4 Ramsey ................................................ 222
26 The picture theory ......................................... 224
26.1 Coincidence of structure .............................. 224
26.2 The picturing analogy ................................. 226
26.3 Truth ................................................. 227
26.4 The identity theory ................................... 229
26.5 Possibility ........................................... 231
27 Tractarian objects ......................................... 232
27.1 Relations as objects .................................. 232
27.2 Widening the scope .................................... 233
27.3 Facts in the Tractates ................................ 236
27.4 Confusion? ............................................ 237
28 Philosophy ................................................. 241
28.1 Metaphysics ........................................... 241
28.2 Psychology ............................................ 243
28.3 Epistemology .......................................... 244
28.4 Value ................................................. 245
29 Themes ..................................................... 249
29.1 Working methods ....................................... 249
29.2 Characteristics ....................................... 250
29.3 What if ............................................... 253
29.4 Fundamental thoughts .................................. 254
29.5 Influences on Wittgenstein ............................ 255
29.6 Influence on Russell .................................. 259
29.7 Influence on Frege .................................... 260
29.8 Conclusion ............................................ 261
A History of the text ........................................ 263
A.1 Narrative ............................................. 263
A.2 The manuscripts ....................................... 265
A.3 Russell's labelling ................................... 268
A.4 The Costello version .................................. 271
A.5 Wittgenstein's dissertation ........................... 274
A.6 Conclusion ............................................ 274
В The Notes on Logic ......................................... 276
The Birmingham Mites ....................................... 276
The Cambridge Motes ........................................ 284
Textual notes .............................................. 290
The Costello version ....................................... 292
Citations ..................................................... 297
Notes on Logic ............................................. 297
Tractatus .................................................. 297
Index ......................................................... 299
Bibliography .................................................. 305
Primary sources ............................................ 305
Secondary sources .......................................... 306
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