Preface to the fourth edition ................................. iii
Preface from the original edition ............................. xvi
1 History of ideas ............................................. 1
1.1 The nature of light ..................................... 3
1.2 Speed of light .......................................... 5
1.3 The nature of light waves: Transverse or
longitudinal? ........................................... 6
1.4 Quantum theory .......................................... 7
1.5 Optical instruments ..................................... 9
1.6 Coherence, holography and aperture synthesis ........... 14
1.7 Lasers ................................................. 14
References .................................................. 16
2 Waves ....................................................... 17
2.1 The non-dispersive wave equation in one dimension ...... 18
2.2 Dispersive waves in a linear medium: The dispersion
equation ............................................... 22
2.3 Complex wavenumber, frequency and velocity ............. 26
2.4 Group velocity ......................................... 28
2.5 Waves in three dimensions .............................. 30
2.6 Waves in inhomogeneous media ........................... 32
2.7 Advanced topic: Propagation and distortion of a wave-
group in a dispersive medium ........................... 37
2.8 Advanced topic: Gravitational lenses ................... 40
Chapter summary ............................................. 44
Problems .................................................... 45
References .................................................. 47
3 Geometrical optics .......................................... 48
3.1 The basic structure of optical imaging systems ......... 49
3.2 Imaging by a single thin lens in air ................... 52
3.3 Ray-tracing through simple systems ..................... 56
3.4 The matrix formalism of the Gaussian optics of
axially symmetric refractive systems ................... 63
3.5 Image formation ........................................ 66
3.6 The cardinal points and planes ......................... 68
3.7 Aberrations ............................................ 75
3.8 Advanced topic: The aplanatic objective ................ 82
3.9 Advanced topic: Optical cavity resonators .............. 85
Chapter summary ............................................. 88
Problems .................................................... 89
References .................................................. 92
4 Fourier theory .............................................. 93
4.1 Analysis of periodic functions ......................... 94
4.2 Fourier analysis ....................................... 96
4.3 Non-periodic functions ................................ 100
4.4 The Dirac δ-function .................................. 104
4.5 Transforms of complex functions ....................... 108
4.6 The Fourier inversion theorem ......................... 110
4.7 Convolution ........................................... 112
4.8 Fourier transform of two- and three-dimensional
lattices .............................................. 117
4.9 Correlation functions ................................. 119
4.10 Advanced topic: Self-Fourier functions ................ 121
Chapter summary ............................................ 123
Appendix: Formal derivation of the reciprocal lattice in
three dimensions ........................................... 124
Problems ................................................... 126
References ................................................. 128
5 Electromagnetic waves ...................................... 129
5.1 Maxwell's equations and their development ............. 130
5.2 Plane wave solutions of the wave equation ............. 132
5.3 Radiation ............................................. 133
5.4 Reflection and refraction at an abrupt interface
between two media ..................................... 136
5.5 Incidence in the denser medium ........................ 140
5.6 Electromagnetic waves incident on a conductor ......... 145
5.7 Reciprocity and time reversal: The Stokes
relationships ......................................... 148
5.8 Momentum of an electromagnetic wave: Radiation
pressure .............................................. 150
5.9 Advanced topic: Angular momentum of a spiral wave ..... 153
5.10 Advanced topic: Left-handed, or negative refractive
index materials ....................................... 154
Chapter summary ............................................ 158
Problems ................................................... 158
References ................................................. 160
6 Polarization and anisotropic media ......................... 161
6.1 Polarized light in isotropic media .................... 162
6.2 Production of polarized light ......................... 166
6.3 Wave propagation in anisotropic media: A generalized
approach .............................................. 168
6.4 Electromagnetic waves in an anisotropic medium ........ 170
6.5 Crystal optics ........................................ 172
6.6 Uniaxial crystals ..................................... 179
6.7 Interference figures: Picturing the anisotropic
properties of a crystal ............................... 182
6.8 Applications of propagation in anisotropic media ...... 185
6.9 Induced anisotropic behaviour ......................... 188
6.10 Advanced topic: Hyperbolic propagation in meta-
materials ............................................. 192
Chapter summary ............................................ 194
Problems ................................................... 195
References ................................................. 197
7 The scalar theory of diffraction ........................... 198
7.1 The scalar-wave theory of diffraction ................. 199
7.2 Fresnel diffraction ................................... 205
7.3 Propagation of a Gaussian light beam .................. 210
7.4 Fresnel diffraction by linear systems ................. 215
7.5 Advanced topic: X-ray microscopy ...................... 218
Chapter summary ............................................ 221
Appendix: The Huygens-KirchhofF diffraction integral ....... 222
Problems ................................................... 225
References ................................................. 226
8 Fraunhofer diffraction and interference .................... 227
8.1 Fraunhofer diffraction in optics ...................... 228
8.2 Fraunhofer diffraction and Fourier transforms ......... 230
8.3 Examples of Fraunhofer diffraction by one- and
two-dimensional apertures ............................. 233
8.4 Some general diffraction principles ................... 239
8.5 Interference .......................................... 242
8.6 Three-dimensional interference ........................ 252
8.7 Inelastic scattering: The acousto-optic effect ........ 258
8.8 Advanced topic: Phase retrieval in crystallography .... 261
8.9 Advanced topic: Phase retrieval in an optical system
- the Hubble Space Telescope and COSTAR ............... 266
Chapter summary ............................................ 269
Problems ................................................... 271
References ................................................. 275
9 Interferometry ............................................. 277
9.1 Interference between coherent waves ................... 278
9.2 Diffraction gratings .................................. 282
9.3 Two-beam interferometry ............................... 290
9.4 Common-path interferometers ........................... 300
9.5 Interference by multiple reflections .................. 303
9.6 Advanced topic: Berry's geometrical phase in
interferometry ........................................ 312
9.7 Advanced topic: The gravitational-wave detector
LIGO .................................................. 316
Chapter summary ............................................ 318
Problems ................................................... 319
References ................................................. 322
10 Optical waveguides and modulated media ..................... 323
10.1 Optical waveguides .................................... 324
10.2 Optical fibres ........................................ 332
10.3 Propagation of waves in a modulated medium ............ 339
10.4 Advanced topic: An omnidirectional reflector .......... 349
10.5 Advanced topic: Photonic crystals ..................... 351
Chapter summary ............................................ 357
Problems ................................................... 358
References ................................................. 359
11 Coherence .................................................. 360
11.1 Coherence of waves in space and time .................. 361
11.2 Physical origin of linewidths ......................... 367
11.3 Quantification of the concept of coherence ............ 369
11.4 Temporal coherence .................................... 373
11.5 Fourier transform spectroscopy ........................ 374
11.6 Spatial coherence ..................................... 379
11.7 Fluctuations in light beams, classical photon
statistics and their relationship to coherence ........ 384
11.8 The application of coherence theory to astronomy:
Aperture synthesis .................................... 388
Chapter summary ............................................ 399
Problems ................................................... 399
References ................................................. 402
12 Image formation ............................................ 404
12.1 The diffraction theory of image formation ............. 405
12.2 The resolution limit of optical instruments ........... 413
12.3 The optical transfer function: A quantitative
measure of the quality of an imaging system ........... 420
12.4 Applications of the Abbe theory: Spatial filtering .... 425
12.5 Holography ............................................ 438
12.6 Advanced topic: Surpassing the Abbe resolution
limit - super-resolution .............................. 445
12.7 Advanced topic: Astronomical imaging by speckle
interferometry ........................................ 459
Chapter summary ............................................ 463
Problems ................................................... 464
References ................................................. 467
13 The classical theory of dispersion ......................... 469
13.1 Classical dispersion theory ........................... 470
13.2 Rayleigh scattering ................................... 471
13.3 Coherent scattering and dispersion .................... 474
13.4 Dispersion relations .................................. 481
13.5 Group velocity in dispersive media: Superluminal
velocities and slow light ............................. 484
13.6 Advanced topic: Non-linear optics ..................... 488
13.7 Advanced topic: Surface plasmons ...................... 495
Chapter summary ............................................ 501
Problems ................................................... 502
References ................................................. 503
14 Quantum optics and lasers .................................. 504
14.1 Quantization of the electromagnetic field ............. 505
14.2 Plane wave modes in a linear cavity ................... 510
14.3 Are photons real? ..................................... 515
14.4 Interaction of light with matter ...................... 521
14.5 Lasers ................................................ 526
14.6 Laser hardware ........................................ 532
14.7 Laser light ........................................... 535
14.8 Advanced topic: Resonant fluorescence and Rabi
oscillations .......................................... 537
14.9 Advanced topic: Electromagnetically induced
transparency .......................................... 540
Chapter summary ............................................ 542
Problems ................................................... 542
References ................................................. 545
Appendix A Bessel functions in wave optics .................... 546
Appendix B Lecture demonstrations in Fourier optics ........... 552
Index ......................................................... 562
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