Particle dark matter: observations, models and searches (Cambridge; New York, 2010). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаParticle dark matter: observations, models and searches / ed. by G.Bertone. - Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. - xxiii, 738 p.: ill. - Ref.: p.602-735. - Ind.: p.736-738. - ISBN 978-0-521-76368-4
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
List of contributors .......................................... xii
Preface ...................................................... xvii
Acknowledgements ............................................... xx
List of symbols and abbreviations ............................. xxi

Part I  Dark matter in cosmology ................................ 1

1  Particle dark matter ......................................... 3
   G. Bertone and J. Silk
   1.1  Introduction ............................................ 3
   1.2  The baryon budget ....................................... 4
   1.3  The case for cold dark matter: good news and bad news ... 5
   1.4  Portrait of a suspect ................................... 7
   1.5  Observing cold dark matter ............................. 10
   1.6  The future ............................................. 12
2  Simulations of cold dark matter haloes ...................... 14
   B. Moore and J. Diemand
   2.1  Prom cold collapse to hierarchical clustering -
        a brief history ........................................ 14
   2.2  Results from collisionless simulations ................. 17
   2.3  Predictions for direct and indirect detection
        experiments ............................................ 34
3  Milky Way satellites ........................................ 38
   J. Bullock, M. Kaplinghat and L. Strigari
   3.1  Satellite galaxies ..................................... 38
   3.2  Streams ................................................ 46
   3.3  Central profiles and the nature of dark matter ......... 48
   3.4  Indirect detection of dark matter from Milky Way
        satellites ............................................. 51
   3.5  Future prospects ....................................... 55
4  Gravitational lensing and dark matter ....................... 56
   Y. Mellier
   4.1  Introduction ........................................... 56
   4.2  Gravitational lensing theory ........................... 57
   4.3  Evidence for dark matter from strong lenses ............ 63
   4.4  Cold dark matter confronted to gravitational lenses .... 65
   4.5  Hot dark matter: limits on neutrino masses from
        lensing ................................................ 77
   4.6  Dark matter or modified gravity? ....................... 78
   4.7  Conclusion and outlook ................................. 80
5  Dark matter at the centres of galaxies ...................... 83
   D. Merritt
   5.1  Phenomenology of galactic nuclei ....................... 83
   5.2  Dark matter models ..................................... 86
   5.3  Dark matter in collisionless nuclei .................... 88
   5.4  Dark matter in collisional nuclei ...................... 92
   5.5  The Galactic centre .................................... 94
   5.6  Dwarf spheroidal galaxies .............................. 97
6  Modified gravity as an alternative to dark matter ........... 99
   J. D. Bekenstein
   6.1  Missing mass in galaxies and clusters of galaxies ...... 99
   6.2  The MOND scheme ....................................... 102
   6.3  Modified gravity theory for MOND ...................... 105
   6.4  TeVeS and other relativistic MOND theories ............ 109
   6.5  Gravitational lenses and cosmology in TeVeS ........... 112

Part II  Candidates ........................................... 119

7  DM production mechanisms ................................... 121
   G. Gelmini and P. Gondolo
   7.1  Dark matter particles: relics from the pre-BBN era .... 121
   7.2  Thermal production in the standard cosmology .......... 123
   7.3  Non-thermal production in the standard cosmology ...... 130
   7.4  Thermal and non-thermal production in non-standard
        cosmologies ........................................... 133
8  Supersymmetric dark matter candidates ...................... 142
   J. Ellis and K.A. Olive
   8.1  Motivations ........................................... 142
   8.2  The MSSM and R-parity ................................. 144
   8.3  Possible supersymmetric dark matter candidates ........ 147
   8.4  Renormalization-group equations and electroweak
        symmetry breaking ..................................... 151
   8.5  The CMSSM ............................................. 153
   8.6  mSUGRA ................................................ 159
   8.7  Other possibilities ................................... 161
   8.8  Summary ............................................... 162
9  Dark matter at the electroweak scale: non-supersymmetric
   candidates ................................................. 164
   G. Servant
   9.1  New symmetries at the TeV scale and dark matter ....... 166
   9.2  Dark matter from extra dimensions: Kaluza-Klein DM .... 167
   9.3  Little Higgs dark matter .............................. 182
   9.4  Dark matter in technicolour and composite Higgs
        theories .............................................. 183
   9.5  Mirror dark matter .................................... 183
   9.6  'Minimal' approaches .................................. 184
   9.7  WIMPonium ............................................. 188
   9.8  Connecting dark matter and the baryon asymmetry ....... 188
   9.9  Conclusion ............................................ 189
10 Non-WIMP candidates......................................... 190
   J.L. Feng
   10.1 Motivations ........................................... 190
   10.2 SuperWIMP dark matter ................................. 191
   10.3 WIMPless dark matter .................................. 198
11 Axions ..................................................... 204
   P. Sikivie
   11.1 Introduction .......................................... 204
   11.2 Axion production in the early Universe ................ 208
   11.3 Relic density and primordial velocity dispersion ...... 219
   11.4 Axion miniclusters .................................... 222
   11.5 Axion isocurvature perturbations ...................... 224
12 Sterile neutrinos .......................................... 228
   M. Shaposhnikov
   12.1 Particle physics motivation ........................... 228
   12.2 Cosmological and astrophysical constraints on
        sterile neutrino dark matter .......................... 232
   12.3 Sterile neutrino production in the early Universe ..... 239
   12.4 Conclusions ........................................... 247

Part III Collider searches .................................... 249

13 SUSY searches at the LHC ................................... 251
   T. Plehn and G. Polesello
   13.1 Discovery channels .................................... 252
   13.2 LHC measurements ...................................... 255
   13.3 Parameter extraction .................................. 264
   13.4 Dark matter and the LHC ............................... 274
   13.5 Outlook ............................................... 275
14 Supersymmetric dark matter at colliders .................... 276
   M. Battaglia and M.E. Peskin
   14.1 Introduction .......................................... 276
   14.2 Questions for the collider experiments ................ 279
   14.3 Dark matter at hadron colliders ....................... 285
   14.4 Dark matter at lepton colliders ....................... 293
   14.5 Collider measurements and astrophysical questions ..... 303
15 Extra dimensions at the LHC ................................ 306
   K. Kong, K. Matchev and G. Servant
   15.1 Flat extra dimensions (UED) ........................... 306
   15.2 Warped extra dimensions ............................... 311
   15.3 SUSY-UED discrimination at the LHC .................... 317
16 SUSY tools ................................................. 325
   F. Boudjema, J. Edsjö and P. Gondolo
   16.1 Annihilation cross-section and the relic density ...... 326
   16.2 Direct detection ...................................... 331
   16.3 Indirect detection .................................... 334
   16.4 Exploring the parameter space ......................... 338
   16.5 Interface with collider and precision measurements
        codes ................................................. 340

Part IV Direct detection ...................................... 345

17 Direct detection of WIMPs .................................. 347
   D.G. Cerdeño and A.M. Green
   17.1 Introduction .......................................... 347
   17.2 Event rate ............................................ 347
   17.3 Astrophysics input .................................... 353
   17.4 Signals ............................................... 356
   17.5 Particle physics input ................................ 362
18 Annual modulation signature with large mass highly
   radiopure Nal(Tl)
   R. Bernabei and P. Belli ................................... 370
   18.1 The annual modulation signature and the target
        material .............................................. 370
   18.2 The DAMA/NaI and DAMA/LIBRA experiments ............... 373
   18.3 The model-independent results ......................... 374
   18.4 The corollary quests for the candidate particle(s) .... 379
   18.5 Comparison with other activities ...................... 380
   18.6 Future perspectives ................................... 381
19 Particle dark matter and the DAMA/NaI and DAMA/
   LIBRA annual modulation effect ............................. 383
   N. Fornengo
   19.1 The DAMA annual modulation effect ..................... 383
   19.2 Supersymmetric candidates ............................. 386
   19.3 Additional candidates ................................. 389
20 Cryogenic detectors ........................................ 391
   G. Gerbier and J. Gascon
   20.1 Introduction .......................................... 391
   20.2 Principles of operation of solid state cryogenic
        detectors ............................................. 392
   20.3 Single parameter detectors ............................ 398
   20.4 Ionization phonon bolometers .......................... 401
   20.5 Scintillation phonon bolometers ....................... 404
   20.6 МАСНеЗ ................................................ 409
   20.7 Prospects for 1 ton detectors ......................... 410
21 Liquid noble gases ......................................... 413
   E. Aprile and L. Baudis
   21.1 Noble liquids for dark matter detection ............... 413
   21.2 Two-phase XeTPCs: XENON, ZEPLIN and LUX ............... 420
   21.3 Two-phase ArTPCs: WArP and ArDM ....................... 428
   21.4 Single-phase detectors: XMASS, DEAP/CLEAN ............. 432
22 Directional detectors ...................................... 437
   N. Spooner   
   22.1 Direct dark matter detection technologies and
        directionality ........................................ 437
   22.2 The directional signature and statistics .............. 438
   22.3 Directional detector concepts ......................... 440
   22.4 Gas detector physics - diffusion and straggling ....... 442
   22.5 TPC gamma background rejection and energy threshold ... 447
   22.6 TPC neutron background rejection, solar neutrinos
        and radon ............................................. 450
   22.7 Electronic noise and other background ................. 452
   22.8 WIMP detection and directional sensitivity
        in practice ........................................... 452
   22.9 Head-tail recoil discrimination, theory and
        experiment ............................................ 456
   22.10Experimental status and readout technology ............ 457
   22.11Scale-up and a future WIMP telescope .................. 463
23 Axion searches ............................................ 467
   S. Asztalos
   23.1 Constraints on axion properties ....................... 468
   23.2 Conclusions ........................................... 487

Part V Indirect detection and astrophysical constraints ....... 489

24 Gamma-rays ................................................. 491
   L. Bergström and G. Bertone
   24.1 Annihilation .......................................... 491
   24.2 Decaying dark matter .................................. 496
   24.3 Galactic centre ....................................... 497
   24.4 Substructures ......................................... 499
   24.5 The extragalactic signal .............................. 504
   24.6 Connection between antimatter and gamma-ray signal .... 505
25 High-energy neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the Sun ... 507
   F. Halzen and D. Hooper
   25.1 Searching for dark matter with neutrinos .............. 507
   25.2 The capture and annihilation of WIMPs in the Sun ...... 509
   25.3 The neutrino spectrum ................................. 511
   25.4 Neutrino telescopes ................................... 513
   25.5 The case of neutralino dark matter .................... 516
   25.6 The case of Kaluza-Klein dark matter .................. 518
26 Indirect dark matter detection with cosmic antimatter ...... 521
   P. Salati, F. Donato and N. Fornengo
   26.1 Production of antimatter in the Galaxy ................ 521
   26.2 Propagation of antinuclei in the Galaxy ............... 521
   26.3 Antiprotons in cosmic rays ............................ 524
   26.4 Antideuterons in cosmic rays .......................... 532
   26.5 Positrons in cosmic rays .............................. 537
   26.6 Conclusions ........................................... 546
27 Multi-wavelength studies ................................... 547
   S. Profumo and P. Ullio
   27.1 Introduction .......................................... 547
   27.2 The multi-wavelength approach and galaxy clusters ..... 556
   27.3 The multi-wavelength approach and dwarf galaxies ...... 559
   27.4 The multi-wavelength approach and the Milky Way ....... 561
   27.5 Radio observations .................................... 563
   27.6 Conclusions and overview .............................. 564
28 Particle dark matter and Big Bang nucleosynthesis .......... 565
   K. Jedamzik and M. Pospelov
   28.1 Introduction .......................................... 565
   28.2 Standard BBN theory ................................... 567
   28.3 Observed light element abundances ..................... 569
   28.4 Cascade nucleosynthesis from energy injection ......... 573
   28.5 Residual DM annihilation during BBN ................... 576
   28.6 Catalysed BBN (CBBN) .................................. 579
   28.7 DM production during BBN: NLSPLSP example ......... 583
29 Dark matter and stars
   G. Bertone ................................................. 586
   29.1 DM capture and annihilation in stars .................. 587
   29.2 The Earth and other planets ........................... 589
   29.3 Main-sequence stars ................................... 591
   29.4 Compact objects ....................................... 593
   29.5 Pop III stars ......................................... 599

References .................................................... 602
Index ......................................................... 736


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