Contributors ................................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
1 Progress in Deep-Sea Sedimentology ........................... 1
Thierry Mulder, Heiko Hüneke, and A.J. Van Loon
1 Introduction .............................................. l
2 What are Deep-Sea Sediments? .............................. 3
3 Tools Used for Deep-Sea Sediment Investigations ........... 5
4 Structure of the Book .................................... 16
References .................................................. 22
2 Gravity Processes and Deposits on Continental Slope,
Rise and Abyssal Plains ..................................... 25
Thierry Mulder
1 Gravity Processes on Continental Slope, Rise and
Abyssal Plains ........................................... 26
2 Gravity-Fall and Gravity-Flow Deposits ................... 59
3 Deep-Sea Turbidite Systems ............................... 78
References ................................................. 125
3 Contour Currents and Contourite Drifts ..................... 149
Jean-Claude Faugères and Thierry Mulder
1 Introduction ............................................ 150
2 Oceanic Geostrophic Circulation and Contour Currents .... 152
3 Sedimentary Processes Related to Contour Currents ....... 161
4 Contourite Facies and Bedforms .......................... 176
5 Contourite Drifts ....................................... 191
6 Ancient Contourites ..................................... 202
7 Conclusions ............................................. 205
References ................................................. 205
4 Pelagic Sedimentation in Modern and Ancient Oceans ......... 215
Heiko Hüneke and Rüdiger Henrich
1 Oceanic Provinces and Sediment Factories: An Overview ... 215
2 Modern Pelagic Factories: An Overview ................... 220
3 History and Evolution of Ancient Pelagic Factories ...... 279
Acknowledgements ........................................... 319
References ................................................. 319
5 Hemipelagic Advection and Periplatform Sedimentation ....... 353
Rüdiger Henrich and Heiko Hüneke
1 Introduction ............................................ 353
2 Hemipelagic Advection ................................... 355
3 Periplatform Carbonates ................................. 377
Acknowledgments ............................................ 386
References ................................................. 386
6 Benthic Deep-Sea Carbonates: Reefs and Seeps ............... 397
A.J. Wheeler and A. Stadnitskaia
1 Introduction ............................................ 397
2 Carbonate Bentho-Pelagic Coupling ....................... 400
3 Calcareous Aphotic Reefs ................................ 404
4 Cold Seeps and Related Carbonates ....................... 417
5 Past and Future ......................................... 433
References ................................................. 440
7 Volcaniclastic Processes and Deposits in the Deep-Sea ...... 457
Steven N. Carey and Jean-Luc Schneider
1 Introduction ............................................ 458
2 Volcaniclastic Materials: The Evidence of Volcanic
Activity ................................................ 458
3 Transport and Deposition of Volcaniclastics to the
Deep-Sea ................................................ 465
4 Volcaniclastic Contribution to Marine Sedimentation ..... 477
5 Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Various Deep-Sea
Environments ............................................ 478
6 Importance of Volcaniclastic Aprons in the Deep-Sea ..... 497
7 Economic Aspects of Sub-Marine Volcaniclastic
Deposits ................................................ 500
8 Sub-marine Volcaniclastic Deposits as Tools for
Natural-Hazard Assessment ............................... 503
9 Conclusions ............................................. 504
References ................................................. 506
8 Deep-Sea Ichnology: The Relationships Between
Depositional Environment and Endobenthic Organisms ......... 517
A. Uchman and A. Wetzel
1 Introduction ............................................ 518
2 The Deep-Sea Floor as Habitat ........................... 519
3 Bioturbation ............................................ 520
4 Trace Fossils ........................................... 522
5 Interpretation of Trace Fossils and Ichnofabrics ........ 530
6 Evolutionary Aspects .................................... 543
7 Perspective ............................................. 546
Acknowledgements ........................................... 546
References ................................................. 546
9 Early Diagenesis of Deep-Sea Sediments ..................... 557
Reinhard Hesse and Ulrike Schacht
1 Introduction ............................................ 559
2 Pelagic Sediments: Characteristics and Lithology-
lndependent Pore-Water Profiles ......................... 561
3 Brown Abyssal Clay ...................................... 566
4 Biogenic Siliceous Sediments ............................ 566
5 Biogenic Pelagic Carbonates ............................. 597
6 Hemipelagic Sediments ................................... 604
7 Gas-hydrate Bearing Sediments ........................... 627
8 Effects of Evaporite Dissolution on Pore-Water
Chemistry ............................................... 647
9 Sediment-Covered Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal
Activity and Intrusion of Igneous Dykes and Sills ....... 647
10 Early Diagenesis in Active Margins Affected by
Advective Lateral Fluid Flow ............................ 649
11 Early Diagenesis of Volcanogenic Deep-Sea Sediments ..... 655
12 Early-Diagenetic Mineralization Reactions in Anoxic
Deep-Water Sediments .................................... 667
13 Early Diagenetic Clay-Mineral Formation ................. 690
Acknowledgements ........................................... 692
References ................................................. 692
10 Industrial Application of Deep-Sea Sediments ............... 715
Patrice Imbert
1 Specificity of the Oil and Gas Industry Viewpoint ....... 716
2 Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production in Deep Water .... 718
3 Tools ................................................... 729
4 Geology of Deep-Water Deposits Seen from the
Hydrocarbon Industry Viewpoint .......................... 738
Acknowledgements ........................................... 761
References ................................................. 761
11 Mesozoic Pelagic Sediments: Archives for Ocean and
Climate History During Green-House Conditions .............. 765
Helmut Weissert
1 Introduction ............................................ 765
2 Oceans Explored ......................................... 766
3 Deep-Sea Sediments: From Oceans to Mountain Ranges ...... 767
4 Pelagic Sediments—A New Field of Research for
Sedimentologists and Stratigraphers ..................... 769
5 The Alpine Tethys Succession —From Sedimentology to
Palaeoceanography ....................................... 774
6 Stable-Isotope Geochemistry—A New Tool in
Palaeoceanography ....................................... 776
7 Black Shales and the Carbon Cycle ....................... 779
8 Summary and Outlook ..................................... 784
Acknowledgements ........................................... 785
References ................................................. 785
12 Climate Records of Deep-Sea Sediments: Towards the
Cenozoic Ice House ......................................... 793
Torsten Bickert and Rüdiger Henrich
1 Introduction ............................................ 793
2 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM): Large-
Scale Carbon Release and Its Consequences for the
Oceans' Carbonate Budget and the Global Climate
System .................................................. 796
3 Eocene Cooling: Factors Causing the Antarctic
Glaciation .............................................. 799
4 The Middle Miocene Climate Transition ................... 802
5 Neogene Evolution of Deep-Water Circulation and
Chemistry ............................................... 804
6 Middle to Late Miocene Carbonate Deposition ............. 808
7 The Onset of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and
Pleistocene Ice Ages .................................... 812
References ................................................. 818
Index ......................................................... 825
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