Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
Nomenclature ................................................. xvii
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Overview ................................................ 1
1.2 PIV Fundamentals ........................................ 5
1.3 Accuracy, Resolution, and Performance of PIV ........... 34
1.4 Stereographic PIV ...................................... 35
1.5 Three-Dimensional Velocity in Volumes .................. 36
2 Particles ................................................... 40
2.1 Particle Dynamics ...................................... 40
2.2 Errors Due to Particle Slip ............................ 44
2.3 Light Scattering by Particles .......................... 50
2.4 Seeding Particles for PIV .............................. 59
2.5 Multiple-Particle Statistics ........................... 66
3 Imaging ...................................................... 75
3.1 Geometric Imaging ...................................... 75
3.2 Diffraction-Limited Imaging ............................ 95
3.3 Images of Multiple Particles .......................... 102
3.4 Image Statistics ...................................... 109
3.5 Image Recording ....................................... 128
3.6 Holographic Imaging ................................... 140
4 Pixelization ............................................... 146
4.1 Spatial Discretization ................................ 146
4.2 Minimum Sampling Rate ................................. 148
4.3 Quantization .......................................... 151
4.4 Image Statistics of Discrete PIV Images ............... 153
4.5 Image Representation and Compression .................. 156
5 Particle Image Velocimetry Systems ......................... 165
5.1 Illumination and Light Sheet Formation ................ 165
5.2 Timing and Synchronization ............................ 176
5.3 Stereoscopic Systems .................................. 178
5.4 Multiplane Systems .................................... 195
5.5 Scanning-Plane Systems ................................ 200
5.6 Microscopic Systems ................................... 205
5.7 Photogrammetric Systems ............................... 218
5.8 Tomographic Systems ................................... 222
5.9 Holographic Systems ................................... 230
5.10 Multiphase Systems .................................... 236
6 Digital Image Processing ................................... 241
6.1 Image Restoration and Image Enhancement ............... 241
6.2 Image Segmentation .................................... 258
6.3 Binary Image Processing ............................... 262
7 Low Image Density .......................................... 268
7.1 Recording Strategies ................................... 268
7.2 Detection of Particle Images .......................... 272
7.3 Estimation of the Particle Image Location ............. 280
7.4 Interrogation Strategies .............................. 294
7.5 Optimization and Performance .......................... 300
8 High Image Density ......................................... 317
8.1 Interrogation ......................................... 317
8.2 Interrogation by Spatial Correlation Analysis ......... 319
8.3 Correlation Peak Detection ............................ 342
8.4 Correlation Peak Centroid ............................. 353
8.5 Discrete Correlation .................................. 369
8.6 Interrogation Strategies .............................. 387
8.7 Advanced Interrogation Strategies ..................... 405
9 Postprocessing ............................................. 416
9.1 Data Validation ....................................... 416
9.2 Data Replacement ...................................... 426
9.3 Estimation of Velocity Derivatives .................... 431
9.4 Estimation of Turbulent Flow Statistics ............... 441
9.5 Analysis of Complex Vector Fields ..................... 458
10 Practical Guidelines ....................................... 483
10.1 Why Use PIV ........................................... 483
10.2 Designing the PIV Experiment .......................... 485
10.4 Image Preprocessing ................................... 508
10.5 Interrogation and Optimizing .......................... 509
10.6 Validation and Postprocessing ......................... 511
10.7 Accuracy of a PIV Measurement ......................... 513
APPENDIX 1: Geometric Imaging ................................. 519
A1.1 Scheimpflug Condition ................................. 519
A1.2 Stereoscopic Reconstruction ........................... 520
APPENDIX 2: The Discrete Fourier Transform .................... 523
A2.1 Definition and General Properties ..................... 523
Bibliography .................................................. 529
Index ......................................................... 547
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