Introduction. A Phylogenomic Journey Through the Animal
Tree of Life: Key Innovations in the Evolution of Metazoa ....... v
Bernd Schierwater and Rob DeSalle
Section 1. Tangled Roots in the Animal Tree of Life
1 Putting Animals in their Place Within a Context of
Eukaryotic Innovations ....................................... 3
Danielle Vazquez, Laura Wegener Parfrey, and Laura A. Katz
2 Elucidating Animal Phylogeny: Advances in Knowledge and
Forthcoming Challenges ...................................... 15
Kevin M. Kocot, Johanna T. Cannon, and Kenneth M. Halanych
3 Key Transitions in Animal Evolution: a Mitochondrial
DNA Perspective ............................................. 34
Dennis V. Lavrov
4 Pending Issues in Development and Phylogeny of Arthropods ... 54
Jean S. Deutsch
Section 2. The Earliest Animals: From Genes to Transitions
5 The Pre-Nervous System and Beyond—Poriferan Milestones in
the Early Evolution of the Metazoan Nervous System .......... 85
Michael Nickel
6 A Key Innovation in Animal Evolution, the Emergence of
Neurogenesis: Cellular and Molecular Cues from Cnidarian
Nervous Systems ............................................ 127
Brigitte Galliot
7 From Cnidaria to "Higher Metazoa" in One Step .............. 162
Ferdinando Boero and Stefano Piraino
8 Basal Metazoan Sensory Evolution ........................... 175
D.K. Jacobs, D.A. Gold, N. Nakanishi, D. Yuan, A. Camara,
S.A. Nichols, and V. Hartenstein
9 Cnidarian Gene Expression Patterns and the Origins of
Bilaterality—Are Cnidarians Reading the Same Game Plan as
"Higher" Animals? .......................................... 197
Eldon E. Ball, Danielle M. de Jong, Bernd Schierivater,
Chuya Shinzato, David C. Hayward and David J. Miller
10 Key Transitions During Animal Phototransduction
Evolution: Co-duplication as a Null Hypothesis for the
Evolutionary Origins of Novel Traits ....................... 217
Todd H. Oakley and David C. Plachetzki
11 Vertebrate Hox Genes and Specializations in Mammals ........ 238
Claudia Kappen
Section 3. Pattern and Process at the Base of the Metazoan
Tree of Life
12 Field Biology of Placozoans (Trichoplax): Distribution,
Diversity, Biotic Interactions ............................. 259
Vicki Buchsbaum Pearse and Oliver Voigt
13 Trichoplax and Placozoa: One of the Crucial Keys to
Understanding Metazoan Evolution ........................... 289
Bernd Schierivater, Michael Eitel, Hans-Jürgen Osigus,
Karolin von der Chevallerie, Tjard Bergmann, Heike
Hadrys, Maria Cramm, Laura Heck, Wolfgang Jakob, Michael
R. Lang, Rob DeSalle
14 A Food's-Eye View of Animal Transitions .................... 327
Neil W. Blackstone
15 Lost in Transition: The Biogeochemical Context of Animal
Origins .................................................... 345
Eric Gaidos
16 Redefining Stem Cells and Assembling Germ Plasm: Key
Transitions in the Evolution of the Germ Line .............. 360
John Stouyji and Cassandra Extavour
17 Questions and Discussion ................................... 398
Index ......................................................... 409
Color Plate Section ........................................... 417
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