Bell D. Coal gasification and its applications / D.A.Bell, B.F.Towler, M.Fan. - Oxford; Burlington: William Andrew/Elsevier, 2011. - xi, 399 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.393-399. - ISBN 978-0-81-552049-8  Место хранения:   065 | Институт угля CO РАН | Кемерово

Оглавление / Contents

Introduction ................................................... ix 1 The Nature of Coal ........................................... 1 The Geologic Origin of Coal .................................. 1 Coal Analysis and Classification ............................. 2 Coal Rank .................................................... 4 Ash Thermal Properties ....................................... 5 Coal as a Porous Material .................................... 9 Spontaneous Combustion ...................................... 10 Reserves, Resources, and Production ......................... 11 2 Non-gasification Uses of Coal ............................... 17 Home Heating and Cooking vs. Industrial Use ................. 17 Coal Combustion Pollutants .................................. 17 Pulverized Coal Combustion .................................. 19 Supercritical Pulverized Coal Combustion .................... 20 Carbon Capture with Pulverized Coal Combustion Plants ....... 21 Oxy-combustion .............................................. 24 Sargas ...................................................... 27 Coal-to-liquids ............................................. 28 3 Gasification Fundamentals ................................... 35 Process Goals ............................................... 35 Devolatization .............................................. 36 Reactions with Oxygen ....................................... 38 Char Reactions .............................................. 38 Additional Gas Phase Reactions .............................. 39 Slagging .................................................... 39 Balancing Coal, Oxygen and Water Feeds ...................... 39 Air Versus Oxygen Feed ...................................... 41 Estimating Syngas Composition from Equilibrium Calculations ................................................ 41 Reaction Rates .............................................. 46 Fluidization Regimes ........................................ 64 Computational Fluid Dynamic Models .......................... 67 In Summary .................................................. 68 4 Gasifiers ................................................... 73 Overview .................................................... 73 Moving Bed Gasifiers: The Lurgi Gasifier .................... 73 BGL Gasifier ................................................ 75 Fluidized Bed Gasifiers: The Winkler Gasifier ............... 77 High Temperature Winkler Gasifier ........................... 79 U-Gas Gasifier .............................................. 79 Foster-Wheeler Partial Gasifier ............................. 79 KBR Transport Gasifier ...................................... 80 Entrained Flow Gasifiers: The GE Gasifier ................... 83 ConocoPhillips E-Gas Gasifier ............................... 88 Shell Gasifier .............................................. 90 Siemens Gasifier ............................................ 91 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Gasifier .................. 92 Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne (PWR) Gasifier ................. 93 Less Conventional Gasifiers: The Alter NRG Plasma Gasification System ......................................... 96 5 Underground Coal Gasification .............................. 101 Underground Gasification Concept ........................... 101 Motivation ................................................. 102 Connections between Injection and Production Wells ......... 102 Process Control and Modeling ............................... 103 Water Contamination ........................................ 107 UCG-recoverable Coal ....................................... 108 GasTech Process and Economic Study ......................... 108 6 Sulfur Recovery ............................................ 113 Coal Combustion ............................................ 113 Sulfur Compounds in Syngas ................................. 114 COS Hydrolysis ............................................. 114 Water Quench/Water Condensation ............................ 115 Acid Gas Removal Processes ................................. 116 Physical Solvent: Rectisol Process ......................... 117 Physical Solvent: Selexol .................................. 122 Chemical Solvents: Amines .................................. 124 Chemical Solvents: Benfield Process ........................ 126 Chemical Solvents: Aqueous Ammonia ......................... 127 Solid Adsorbents for Sulfur Removal ........................ 128 Elemental Sulfur: Claus Process ............................ 130 Shell Claus Offgas Treatment (SCOT) Process ................ 131 Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acid ............................... 132 Co-sequestration of CO2 and H2S ............................ 134 7 Hydrogen Production and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) ............................................... 137 Need for Increasing H2 Content ............................. 137 Water Gas Shift in the Catalytic Temperature Range ......... 138 Hydrogen for Ammonia Synthesis ............................. 139 Iron-Based HT Shift Catalyst ............................... 140 LT Shift Catalyst .......................................... 142 Sour Gas Shift ............................................. 142 Steam-Iron Process ......................................... 143 Hydrogen for Ammonia Synthesis: Removal of Residual Impurities ................................................. 145 Dehydration ................................................ 146 Hydrogen for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ........... 146 Hydrogen for Petroleum Refining ............................ 148 Combined cycle plants for power production, NGCC and IGCC ....................................................... 149 Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) .......................... 151 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) .............. 152 Combining IGCC and Oxy-Combustion .......................... 154 Methanol, SNG, and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ............... 155 8 Hydrogen Adsorption and Storage ............................ 157 Xin Hu, Maohong Fan, Brian Francis Towler, Maciej Radosz, David A. Bell, Ovid Augustus Plumb Introduction ............................................... 157 Physisorption of Hydrogen .................................. 158 Chemisorption of Hydrogen .................................. 210 Hydrogen Storage in Pure And Reduced Microporous and Mesoporous Ti Oxides ....................................... 230 9 Mercury Removal ............................................ 247 Rodolfo Monterroso, Maohong Fan, Morris Argyle Introduction ............................................... 248 Mercury Species in Coal Combustion ......................... 250 Summary of Technologies for Mercury Removal ................ 252 Flue Gas Components that Affect Mercury Sorption ........... 282 Summary .................................................... 288 10 CO2 Sorption ............................................... 293 Soonchul Kwon, Maohong Fan, Herbert F.M. DaCosta, Armistead G. Russell, Kathryn A. Berchtold, Manvendra K. Dubey Introduction ............................................... 293 Sorption-based CO2 Separation Processes .................... 296 Adsorbent Performance for CO2 Capture ...................... 301 CO2 Capture Development Strategies ......................... 333 11 Ammonia and Derivatives .................................... 341 Historical Background ...................................... 341 Feedstocks for Ammonia Synthesis ........................... 342 Ammonia Synthesis Equilibria and the Synthesis Loop ........ 342 Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts ................................ 344 Ammonia Synthesis Kinetics ................................. 345 Ammonia as Nitrogen Fertilizer ............................. 347 Ammonia as a Transportation Fuel ........................... 348 Urea ....................................................... 348 Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate ........................... 349 Future of Nitrogen Fertilizers ............................. 350 12 Methanol and Derivatives ................................... 353 Reaction Chemistry and Catalysts ........................... 353 Methanol Synthesis Equilibria .............................. 354 Methanol Synthesis Flowsheet ............................... 356 Methanol Synthesis Kinetics ................................ 357 Methanol as a Transportation Fuel .......................... 359 Dimethyl Ether ............................................. 359 Two Pot Synthesis of DME ................................... 360 One Pot Synthesis of DME ................................... 361 DME to Hydrocarbons: ExxonMobil MTG Process ................ 365 Methanol to Hydrocarbons: UOP/HYDRO MTO Process ............ 368 Methanol and DME to Hydrocarbons: Future Prospects ......... 370 13 Substitute Natural Gas and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ....... 373 Overview ................................................... 373 Substitute Natural Gas ..................................... 373 SNG Processes .............................................. 375 Competition Between Coal Gasification and Natural Gas ...... 377 SNG as a Carrier of Coal Energy ............................ 378 SNG Versus Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbons ................... 378 Fischer-Tropsch History .................................... 379 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry .................................. 379 FT reactor design .......................................... 381 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Fluids ............................ 385 FT Economics ............................................... 389 Index ......................................................... 393