Preface ........................................................ ix
Acknowledgments ................................................ xi
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 Tsunami Generation and Historical Aspects ................... 11
2.1 Tsunamis Generated by Seaquakes ........................ 13
2.2 Tsunamis Generated by Surface/Submarine Landslides
and Rock Avalanches .................................... 20
2.3 Tsunamis Generated by Volcanic Eruptions ............... 24
2.4 Tsunamis Generated by Meteorological Disturbances ...... 27
2.4.1 Meteo-tsunami Warning ........................... 49
2.5 Tsunamis Generated by Underwater Gas Emission .......... 55
2.6 Tsunamis Generated by Asteroid Impacts ................. 62
3 Tsunami Databases ........................................... 65
3.1 The United States Tsunami Database ..................... 66
3.2 The Russia Tsunami Databases ........................... 68
3.3 The UNESCO Tsunami Database ............................ 68
3.4 The Japan Tsunami Database ............................. 69
3.5 The Greece Tsunami Database ............................ 69
4 Geophysical Tsunami Hydrodynamics ........................... 71
4.1 Propagation ............................................ 73
4.2 Features of Geophysical Tsunamis ....................... 80
4.3 Influence of Midocean Ridges, Straits, and
Continental Shelves .................................... 88
4.4 Tsunamis on Islands .................................... 92
4.5 Tsunami-Induced Seiches in Harbors ..................... 94
4.6 Tsunamis in Inland Water Bodies ........................ 97
5 Impact of a Tsunami on Coastal and Island Habitats .......... 99
6 The Protective Role of Coastal Ecosystems .................. 103
7 Earthquake Detection and Monitoring for Early Warnings of
Seismogenic Tsunamis ....................................... 109
7.1 Earthquake Precursors ................................. 109
7.1.1 P-, S-, Love, and Raleigh Waves ................ 109
7.1.2 Microelectric Discharges and Electromagnetic
Emissions ...................................... 110
7.1.3 Pressure Signals in the Troposphere ............ 111
7.1.4 Rise in Surface Temperature Near the
Earthquake Zone ................................ 112
7.1.5 Increases in Sea Surface Temperature Near
the Epicenter .................................. 113
7.2 Earthquake Detection Through Monitoring the Behavior
of Animals, Reptiles, and Birds ....................... 113
8 Numerical Models for Forecasting ........................... 115
9 The Role of IOC-UNESCO in Tsunami Early Warnings ........... 121
10 Earthquake Monitoring for Early Tsunami Warnings ........... 125
10.1 Seismic Network of the Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center ................................................ 126
10.1.1 Seismic Network in Japan ....................... 128
11 Open Ocean Tsunami Detection ............................... 149
11.1 Detection Using Seafloor Pressure Measurement ......... 151
11.2 Detection Using Orbiting Satellite Altimeters ......... 155
11.3 Detection Using Optical Devices in Satellites and
Aircrafts ............................................. 158
11.4 Detection Using Orbiting Microwave Radar and
Radiometers ........................................... 161
12 Land-Based Measurements of Inundation to Confirm
Tsunamigenesis ............................................. 165
13 The Technology of End-to-End Communication: Sending the
Message .................................................... 167
14 IOC-UNESCO Tsunami Early Warning Systems ................... 171
14.1 The United States Tsunami Warning System .............. 173
14.2 The Japan Tsunami Warning System ...................... 175
14.2.1 Historical Review of Japan's Tsunami Warning
System ......................................... 176
14.2.2 Japan Meteorological Agency Tsunami
Monitoring ..................................... 180
14.2.3 Merits and Drawbacks of Submarine Cable-
Mounted Systems ................................ 182
14.3 The Russia Tsunami Warning Service .................... 183
14.3.1 Historical Background .......................... 183
14.3.2 Service and Science Components of the Russian
Tsunami Warning System ......................... 185
14.3.3 Tsunami Service Component ...................... 185
14.3.4 Tsunami Science Component ...................... 194
14.4 The Canada Tsunami Warning System ..................... 201
14.5 The Australia Tsunami Warning System .................. 204
14.5.1 Sea-Level Network .............................. 204
14.5.2 The Tsunami Warning Scheme ..................... 205
14.5.3 Tsunami Risk Assessment Program ................ 206
14.6 The Puerto Rico Tsunami Warning System ................ 208
14.6.1 Tsunami Warnings ............................... 213
14.6.2 Tsunami Watches ................................ 213
14.6.3 Tsunami Advisories ............................. 214
14.6.4 Tsunami and Earthquake Information
Statements ..................................... 214
14.7 The Korea Tsunami Warning System ...................... 214
14.7.1 Seismic Networks ............................... 215
14.7.2 Sea-Level Networks ............................. 215
14.8 The Chile Tsunami Warning System ...................... 216
14.9 The New Zealand Tsunami Warning System ................ 217
14.9.1 Sea-Level Networks ............................. 217
14.9.2 Tsunami Warnings ............................... 220
14.10 India's Early-Warning System for Tsunamis and Storm
Surges ................................................ 220
14.10.1 Sensor Networks ............................... 221
14.10.2 Tsunami Warning Centers ....................... 222
14.10.3 Standard Operating Procedures at Early
Warning Centers ............................... 224
14.10.4 Vulnerability Maps ............................ 225
14.10.5 Performance of the System: Case Study of
September 12, 2007 ............................ 226
14.10.6 Contributions to the Indian Ocean Region ...... 226
14.10.7 National Institute of Oceanography Stations ... 227
14.11 Malaysia's Multihazard Early Warning System .......... 235
14.11.1 Seismic Networks .............................. 237
14.11.2 Sea-Level Networks ............................ 237
14.11.3 Automatic Weather Station Networks ............ 238
14.12 The Singapore Tsunami Warning System ................. 238
14.13 European Union Initiative ............................ 239
14.14 Tsunami Warning Systems Around the African
Continent ............................................ 244
15 Technological Challenges In Detecting Tsunamis ............. 247
16 Sea-Level Measurements From Coasts and Islands ............. 453
16.1 Chart Datum ........................................... 255
16.2 Float-Driven Gauges ................................... 255
16.2.1 Shaft Encoders and Microprocessor-Based
Loggers ........................................ 260
16.2.2 Calibrating Float-Driven Gauges ................ 264
16.3 Electric Step Gauges .................................. 268
16.4 Air-Acoustic Gauges ................................... 270
16.2.3 Drawbacks of Conventional Tide-Wells ........... 264
16.4.1 Unguided Air-Acoustic Gauges ................... 271
16.4.2 Guided Air-Acoustic Gauges ..................... 272
16.5 Downward-Looking Aerial Microwave Radar Gauges ........ 276
16.6 Subsurface Pressure Gauge Systems ..................... 284
16.6.1 Pressure Transducers ........................... 288
16.6.2 Commonly Used Pressure Transducers ............. 291
16.6.3 Subsurface Pressure Transducer Installation
Schemes ........................................ 315
16.6.4 Gas-Purged Bubbler Gauges ...................... 320
16.7 Radiowave Interferometry .............................. 323
16.7.1 Ground-Based Transmitter Systems ............... 323
16.7.2 Satellite-Borne Transmitter Systems ............ 324
16.8 Differential Global Positioning Systems on Floating
Buoys ................................................. 327
16.9 Applying a Tide Staff for Datum Control in Coastal
Sea-Level Measurements ................................ 331
17 Sea Level Measurements From Deep-Sea Regions ............... 333
17.1 Seafloor Pressure Sensor Capsules ..................... 335
17.1.1 Permanent Installation ......................... 339
17.1.2 Seafloor Pressure Measurement Techniques ....... 340
17.2 Satellite Radar Altimetry ............................. 347
18 Telemetry of Sea-Level Data ................................ 351
18.1 Submarine Cable Communication ......................... 351
18.2 Acoustic Communication ................................ 352
18.3 VHF/UHF Transceivers and Wired Telephone
Connections ........................................... 355
18.4 Satellite Communication ............................... 357
18.4.1 ARGOS .......................................... 357
18.4.2 ORBCOMM ........................................ 359
18.4.3 IRIDIUM ........................................ 359
18.4.4 METEOSAT ....................................... 360
18.4.5 INMARSAT ....................................... 360
18.5 Cellular Modems ....................................... 363
18.6 Telemetry From Polar Regions .......................... 364
19 Evaluating and Assessing Tsunamis Technologies for
Specific Situations ........................................ 365
19.1 Optimal Ocean-Bottom Pressure Recorders ............... 366
19.2 Optimal Devices for Measuring Coastal Tsunamis ........ 367
19.3 Summary ............................................... 370
20 Extracting Tsunami Signals From Sea-Level Records .......... 381
21 Conclusions ................................................ 385
References .................................................... 389
Bibliography .................................................. 421
Index ......................................................... 427
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