 | The DLR project Wetter & Fliegen / ed. by T.Gerz, C.Schwarz; Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Braunschweig, Göttingen und Gamburg. - - Köln: DLR, Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen, 2012. - v, 274 p.: ill. - (Forschungsbericht 2012-02). - Incl. bibl. ref. - ISSN 1434-8454
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1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Aircraft Wake Vortices .................................. 2
1.2 Air Traffic Management and Meteorology .................. 3
1.3 Aircraft and Atmosphere ................................. 4
1.4 The DLR Project Wetter & Fliegen ........................ 5
1.5 Outline of the Report ................................... 6
2 Wake and Weather Information Systems for Aerodromes .......... 8
2.1 Prediction of Dynamic Pairwise Wake Vortex Separations
for Approach and Landing ................................ 8
2.2 Concatenating Weather Monitoring and Forecast: the
WxFUSION Concept ....................................... 25
2.3 Nowcasting Thunderstorms for Munich Airport ............ 32
2.4 Nowcasting Winter Weather at Munich Airport ............ 46
2.5 Limited Area Numerical Weather Prediction .............. 58
3 Risk and Economic Assessments ............................... 65
3.1 Economic Assessment of a Wake Vortex Advisory System ... 65
3.2 Wake Vortex Scenarios Simulation Package for Take-Off
and Departure .......................................... 87
3.3 Economic Assessment of Enhanced Information on
Convective Weather .................................... 107
4 Advanced Flight Control Systems for Atmospheric
Disturbance Mitigation ..................................... 117
4.1 Wake Impact Alleviation Control Functions and Sensor
Requirements .......................................... 117
4.2 Simulated Lidar Signals for Wake Vortex Detection
ahead of the Aircraft ................................. 130
4.3 Wake Characterisation Using LIDAR Measurements ........ 144
4.4 Wake Vortex Encounter Modelling and Validation by
Flight Tests .......................................... 153
4.5 Design and Flight Testing of Feedback Control Laws .... 162
5 Flight Systems to Increase Situational Awareness and
Avoid Hazards .............................................. 171
5.1 System and HMI Design of a Wake Encounter Avoidance
and Advisory System ................................... 171
5.2 Situational Awareness about Thunderstorms On-board
an Aircraft ........................................... 184
5.3 Air Traffic Operational Concept for Mitigating the
Impact of Thunderstorms ............................... 192
6 Wake Vortex Physics and Encounter Consequences ............. 197
6.1 Wake-Vortex Topology, Circulation, and Turbulent
Exchange Processes .................................... 197
6.2 Large-Eddy Simulation of Wake Vortex Evolution from
Roll-Up to Decay ...................................... 211
6.3 Experimental Study on Wake Vortices Impacted by
Turbulence and Surfaces ............................... 222
6.4 Large-Eddy Simulations of Wake Vortices in Ground
Proximity and Crosswind ............................... 233
6.5 Wake Characterisation by Encounter Flight Tests ....... 243
6.6 On the Influence of Vortex Curvature on Wake
Encounter Hazard ...................................... 253
7 Concluding Remarks and Future Activities ................... 266
List of Publications and Reports of the Team ............... 267
Glossary ...................................................... 272
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