About the Authors .............................................. xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
1 Introduction ................................................ 11
A Scientific Approach ........................................ 2
Empirical Research ........................................... 3
Threats to Internal Validity ................................. 4
Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity ................... 5
Threats to External Validity ................................. 7
Measurement and Psychometrics ................................ 7
Plan of the Critiques ........................................ 9
Study Example 1.1: "A Comparison of Older African American
Women Above and Below Poverty Level" ..................... 11
Study Example 1.2: "Behavioral Responses of Newborns of
Insulin-Dependent and Nondiabetic, Healthy Mothers" ...... 17
Overview of the Remaining Chapters .......................... 23
Reading Research Articles (But Not From Start to Finish) .... 24
Bibliography ................................................ 25
Suggested Readings .......................................... 25
2 Case Studies ................................................ 27
Study Example 2.1: "Cross-Cultural Hospital Care as
Experienced by Mi'kmaq Clients" .......................... 29
Study Example 2.2: 'A Case Study of Traditionally
Underrepresented Individuals' Experiences in a Doctoral
Program" ................................................. 43
Critique of Study Example 2.2 ............................... 49
Suggested Readings .......................................... 50
3 Narrative Analysis .......................................... 51
Study Example 3.1: "It's the Telling That Makes the
Difference" ................................................. 54
Suggested Readings .......................................... 66
4 Surveys ..................................................... 67
Study Example 4.1: "Physical Punishment by Mothers and
Fathers in British Homes" ................................ 70
Study Example 4.2: "Bad Dates or Emotional Trauma? The
Aftermath of Campus Sexual Assault" ...................... 84
Critique of Study Example 4.2 ............................... 92
Bibliography ................................................ 93
Suggested Readings .......................................... 93
5 Correlation Studies ......................................... 95
Study Example 5.1 "Contemporaneous and Longitudinal
Relations of Dispositional Sympathy to Emotionality,
Regulation, and Social Functioning" ...................... 99
Study Example 5.2 "Designing Successful Service Learning
Projects for Urban Schools" ............................. 118
Critique of Study Example 5.2 .............................. 126
Bibliography ............................................... 128
Suggested Readings ......................................... 128
6 Regression Analysis Studies ................................ 129
Study Example 6.1: "Employee Participation and Assessment
of an Organizational Change Intervention: Three-Wave
Study of Total Quality Management" ...................... 134
Study Example 6.2: "Self-Transcendence and Activities of
Daily Living: The Woman With the Pink Slippers" ......... 149
Critique of Study Example 6.2 .............................. 154
Suggested Readings ......................................... 154
7 Factor-Analytic Studies .................................... 155
Study Example 7.1: "Coping Styles in Youths With Insulin-
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus"
Study Example 7.2: "Cultural Verification and Application
of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) With Korean
Elders" ................................................. 172
Critique of Study Example 7.2 .............................. 180
Suggested Readings ......................................... 181
8 Discriminant Analysis Studies .............................. 185
Study Example 8.1: "RODM Is a Risk Factor for Adolescent
Psychiatric Disorders" .................................. 189
Study Example 8.2: "Cognitive and Achievement Gains for
Kindergartners Instructed in Piagetian Operations" ...... 202
Critique of Study Example 8.2 .............................. 212
Suggested Readings ......................................... 213
9 Two-Condition Experimental Studies ......................... 215
Study Example 9.1: "Impact of an Instructional Program on
Nurses' Accuracy in Capillary Blood Glucose
Monitoring" ............................................. 218
Study Example 9.2: "The Effects of a Short-Term Exercise
Program on Movement, Pain, and Mood in the Elderly" ..... 228
Critique of Study Example 9.2 .............................. 233
Suggested Readings ......................................... 234
10 Single Classification Studies .............................. 235
Study Example 10.1: Independent Groups "Long-Term
Follow-Up Evaluation of Blood Glucose Awareness
Training" ............................................... 239
Study Example 10.2: Within Groups "The Therapeutic Use of
Music for Dyspnea and Anxiety in Patients With COPD
Who Live at Home" ....................................... 248
Critique of Study Example 10.2 ............................. 257
Suggested Readings ......................................... 258
11 Factorial Studies .......................................... 25
Study Example 11.1: "When an Adversary Is Caught Telling
the Truth: Reciprocal Cooperation Versus Self-interest
in Distributive Bargaining" ............................. 263
Study Example 11.2: '"I Was Only Kidding!': Victims' and
Perpetrators' Perceptions of Teasing" ................... 284
Suggested Readings ......................................... 300
12 Quasi-Experimental Studies ................................. 301
Study Example 12.1: "Care-Based Moral Reasoning in
Norwegian and Canadian Early Adolescents: A Cross-
National Comparison" .................................... 304
Study Example 12.2: "The Influence of Background Clinical
Data on Infant Pain Assessments" ........................ 315
Critique of Study Example 12.2 ............................. 322
Suggested Readings ......................................... 323
13 Longitudinal Studies ....................................... 325
Study Example 13.1: "The Relationship Between Body Image
and Depressed Mood in Adolescence: A 5-Year
Longitudinal Panel Study" ............................... 328
Study Example 13.2: 'A Panel Study of Media Effects on
Political and Social Trust After September 11, 2001" .... 341
Critique of Study Example 13.2 ............................. 351
Bibliography ............................................... 352
Suggested Readings ......................................... 352
Answers to Study Example Critiques ............................ 353
Glossary ...................................................... 379
Author Index .................................................. 389
Subject Index ................................................. 393
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