Zircon / ed. by J.M.Hanchar, P.W.O.Hoskin. - Washington: Mineralogical Society of America, 2003. - xvii, 500 p.: ill., maps. - (Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry; vol.53). - Incl. bibl. ref. - ISBN 0-93995060-X; ISSN 1529-6466  Место хранения:   09 | Институт геохимии им. А.П.Виноградова СО РАН | Иркутск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

1 Structure and Chemistry of Zircon and Zircon-Group Minerals Robert J. Finch, John M. Hanchar INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 STRUCTURE OF ZIRCON .......................................... 2 Cation polyhedra .......................................... 2 Interstitial sites ........................................ 3 ZIRCON-GROUP MINERALS ........................................ 4 Silicates ................................................. 7 Actinide silicates ........................................ 7 Phosphates ................................................ 8 Borates ................................................... 8 Vanadates ................................................. 8 Arsenates ................................................. 9 Chromates ................................................ 10 Related structures ....................................... 10 STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND COMPOSITION ................................................. 13 Temperature .............................................. 13 Pressure ................................................. 14 Composition .............................................. 19 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................... 20 REFERENCES .................................................. 21 2 The Composition of Zircon and Igneous and Metamorphic Petrogenesis Paul W.O. Hoskin, Urs Schaltegger INTRODUCTION ................................................ 27 Analytical techniques .................................... 28 ZIRCON AND IGNEOUS PETROGENESIS .......................... 29 Saturation, crystallization, occurrences and zoning of igneous zircon ........................................... 29 Major-element composition of igneous zircon .............. 32 Trace-element composition of igneous zircon .............. 34 Zircon composition and investigations of igneous processes ................................................ 42 Provenance-indicator studies using igneous zircon composition .............................................. 43 ZIRCON AND METAMORPHIC PETROGENESIS ......................... 45 Textural characterization of metamorphic zircon .......... 45 The growth of new zircon during metamorphism and its composition .............................................. 46 Solid-state recrystallization and dissolution- reprecpitation of protolith zircon and compositional changes .................................................. 48 HYDROTHERMAL ZIRCON ......................................... 52 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK ..................................... 54 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. 55 REFERENCES .................................................. 55 3 Melt Inclusions in Zircon J.B. Thomas, R.J. Bodnar, N. Shimizu, C.A. Chesner INTRODUCTION ................................................ 63 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ..................................... 65 METHODOLOGY ................................................. 66 Petrography of melt inclusions hosted in zircon .......... 67 Heating and homogenization of crystalline melt inclusions in zircon ..................................... 69 Major and trace element compositions of melt inclusions in zircon ................................................ 69 DETERMINING ZIRCON/MELT TRACE ELEMENT PARTITION COEFFICIENTS USING MELT INCLUSIONS IN ZIRCON ................ 72 Trace element partitioning data and interpretations ...... 72 Petrogenetic implications ................................ 77 Summary of trace element partitioning by the MIM technique ................................................ 78 ARE MI COMPOSITIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE BULK MELT? ..... 79 Boundary layer effects ................................... 79 Re-equilibration of melt inclusions ...................... 81 Potential errors during homogenization and analysis ...... 82 FUTURE DIRECTIONS ........................................... 82 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. 83 REFERENCES .................................................. 83 4 Zircon Saturation Thermometry John M. Hanchar, E. Bruce Watson INTRODUCTION ................................................ 89 ZIRCON SATURATION THERMOMETRY ............................ 90 Historical development ................................... 90 APPLICATIONS OF ZIRCON SATURATION THERMOMETRY ............... 96 Background ............................................... 96 Selected examples of studies that used zircon saturation thermometry ................................... 97 CALCULATION OF ZIRCON SATURATION TEMPERATURES .............. 102 Considerations for using zircon saturation thermometry with plutonic rocks ..................................... 102 Bulk sample or in situ analyses? ........................ 103 Calculation of M for geologic samples ................... 104 Worked example to determine M and Zr content and zircon saturation temperature ........................... 105 SUMMARY .................................................... 109 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 110 REFERENCES ................................................. 110 5 Diffusion in Zircon Daniele J. Cherniak, E. Bruce Watson INTRODUCTION ............................................... 113 HISTORY—A BRIEF REVIEW OF BULK-RELEASE AND EARLY LOWER- RESOLUTION DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS .......................... 113 CATIONS .................................................... 114 РЬ ......................................................... 115 Substitutional processes involving Pb ................... 118 Diffusion systematics of trivalent cations .............. 119 Substitutional processes for trivalent cations .......... 122 Tetravalent cations ..................................... 123 Cation diffusion in zircon—a general summary ............ 125 OXYGEN DIFFUSION ........................................... 126 Experimental results .................................... 126 Diffusion mechanisms .................................... 128 IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF DIFFUSION FINDINGS ........ 129 Diffusive fractionation ................................. 129 Closure temperatures .................................... 129 The preservation of zoning in zircon .................... 130 Pbloss .................................................. 132 Preservation of oxygen isotope signatures ............... 134 18O/16O retention in zircon cores and rims .............. 135 Retention at rim and core centers during cooling ........ 138 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .......................................... 139 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 139 REFERENCES ................................................. 139 6 Historical Development of Zircon Geochronology Donald W. Davis, Ian S. Williams, Thomas E. Krogh INTRODUCTION ............................................... 145 PRELUDE .................................................... 146 ISOTOPIC DATING OF ZIRCON — 1955 TO 1973 ................... 148 ADVANCES IN TECHNIQUE — 1973 TO 1982 ....................... 154 RESOLUTION OF THE PB LOSS PROBLEM — 1982 TO THE PRESENT .... 159 Further advances in ID-TIMS methods ..................... 159 The Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Micro-Probe (SHRIMP) ................................................ 164 The zircon evaporation method ........................... 171 Other developments ...................................... 171 THE LEGACY OF ZIRCON DATING ................................ 171 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 173 REFERENCES ................................................. 173 7 Zircon U-Th-Pb Geochronology by Isotope Dilution - Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS) Randall R. Parrish, Stephen R. Noble INTRODUCTION ............................................... 183 METHODS AND DATA PRESENTATION .............................. 184 Background .............................................. 184 Evolution of analytical methods ......................... 184 Mass spectrometry ....................................... 187 Advances in chemical procedures and tracers ............. 187 Standards, reproducibility, corrections, errors, and presentation ............................................ 190 OTHER METHODS OF ID OR TIMS ................................ 191 Pb evaporation (TIMS but no ID) ......................... 191 ID-PIMMS (ID but no TIMS) .................................. 191 THE MAPPING OF U-TH-PB DATA ONTO DIAGRAMS .................. 192 Age equations ........................................... 192 Wetherill Concordia diagram ............................. 192 Теrа-Wasserburg diagram ................................. 194 Isochron diagram ........................................ 194 The interpreted age of crystallization .................. 194 ZIRCON DATING APPLICATIONS AND U-TH-PB SYSTEMATICS ......... 195 High precision dating of igneous zircon across the scope of geological time ................................ 195 Difficulties with igneous U-Pb zircon geochronology ..... 199 Dating of metamorphic zircon ............................ 200 Baddeleyite-zircon reactions in coronitic gabbro ........ 200 Growth of zircon in granulites and upper amphibolite facies rocks ............................................ 200 Metamorphic growth of zircon in amphibolite facies ...... 201 The dating of zircon in eclogite and other UHP rocks .... 203 Th and Pa chemical partitioning in zircon and its implications ............................................ 204 Other examples where ID-TIMS data has proved effective ............................................... 207 SUMMARY .................................................... 210 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 210 REFERENCES ................................................. 210 8 Considerations in Zircon Geochronology by SIMS Trevor R. Ireland, Ian S. Williams INTRODUCTION ............................................... 215 SELECTED APPLICATIONS ...................................... 216 Oldest zircon in the solar system ....................... 216 Development of fractionated lunar crust ................. 217 The oldest-known terrestrial rocks ...................... 218 Detrital-zircon age spectra ............................. 218 Analysis of thin rims and near-surface concentration gradients (depth profiles) .............................. 219 The youngest zircons .................................... 219 Timescale ............................................... 219 INSTRUMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL APPROACHES ..................... 220 SHRIMP ..................................................... 221 Cameca 1270 ............................................. 221 Operational comparison .................................. 222 ZIRCON ANALYSIS ............................................ 222 Pb isotopes ............................................. 223 Correction for common Pb ................................ 224 U/Pb calibration ........................................ 225 OTHER MINERALS ............................................. 227 Monazite ................................................ 227 Xenotime ................................................ 227 Apatite (+whitlockite) .................................. 227 Titanite ................................................ 228 Baddeleyite ............................................. 228 Rutile .................................................. 228 Perovskite .............................................. 228 Allanite ................................................ 228 DATA ANALYSIS .............................................. 229 Analytical uncertainties ................................ 230 207Pb/206Pb ratio ....................................... 230 U-Pb ratio .............................................. 230 Standards ............................................... 231 Data assessment ......................................... 233 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL SESSIONS ................ 234 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 236 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 238 REFERENCES ................................................. 238 9 Present Trends and the Future of Zircon in Geochronology: Laser Ablation ICPMS Jan Košler, Paul J. Sylvester INTRODUCTION ............................................... 243 LASER ABLATION ............................................. 244 Laser principles ........................................ 244 Laser ablation system ................................... 245 Interaction of laser radiation with solid samples ....... 246 Choice of laser ablation parameters ..................... 247 INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY ............ 249 Inductively coupled plasma as ion source ................ 249 Quadrupole ICPMS ........................................ 250 Magnetic sector ICPMS ................................... 251 Time-of-flight ICPMS .................................... 252 Mass discrimination (bias) and fractionation of isotopes and elements ................................... 252 DATING OF ZIRCON BY LASER ABLATION ICPMS ................... 253 Past studies of U-Pb zircon dating by laser ablation ICPMS ................................................... 254 Elemental fractionation of Pb and U and methods of correction .............................................. 254 Sampling strategies ..................................... 256 Spatial resolution ...................................... 257 Correction for instrument mass bias (standardization) ... 258 Correction for initial common-Pb ........................ 260 Precision and accuracy .................................. 261 Strategies for data acquisition and reduction ........... 262 LASER ABLATION ICPMS DATING IN PRACTICE .................... 264 Laser ablation ICPMS dating of zircon for sedimentary provenance studies ...................................... 264 Dating magmatic events by laser ablation ICPMS .......... 265 Application of laser ablation ICPMS to fission track dating of zircon ........................................ 266 In situ dating of accessory minerals by laser ablation ICPMS ................................................... 268 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF LASER ABLATION ICPMS DATING ............ 269 Quadrupole vs. magnetic sector and single- vs. multi- collector comparisons ................................... 270 New applications in laser ablation ICPMS dating of zircon .................................................. 271 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 271 REFERENCES ................................................. 271 10 Detrital Zircon Analysis of the Sedimentary Record Christopher M. Fedo, Keith N. Sircombe, Robert H. Rainbird INTRODUCTION ............................................... 277 STATISTICS AND METHODOLOGY OF SAMPLING ..................... 278 Sampling ................................................ 278 Sample preparation ...................................... 279 Analysis ................................................ 280 Data display ............................................ 281 Interpretation .......................................... 282 AGE OF STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSIONS ........................... 284 Maximum age and age bracketing .......................... 284 Direct depositional ages ................................ 286 Disconformity recognition ............................... 287 PROVENANCE ANALYSIS ..................................... 288 Petrographic and petrologic ............................. 288 Geochemistry ............................................ 288 Fission track (FT) ...................................... 289 Geochronology ........................................... 289 PALEOGEOGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC RECONSTRUCTIONS ............... 293 Introduction ............................................ 293 Initial studies—Shaler Supergroup ....................... 294 Regional studies—northern Cordillera .................... 294 Regional studies—central Cordillera ..................... 294 Siberia ................................................. 295 Scotland ................................................ 295 A cryptic Grenvillian foreland basin in the U.S. mid-continent ........................................... 296 Rodinian paleogeography ................................. 296 IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLIEST EARTH HISTORY .................... 297 SUMMARY ................................................. 297 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 298 REFERENCES ................................................. 298 11 High-Precision U-Pb Zircon Geochronology and the Stratigraphic Record Samuel A. Bowring, Mark D. Schmitz INTRODUCTION ............................................... 305 THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE .................................... 307 Proxies for radiometric geochronology: chemostratigraphy ....................................... 307 GEOCHRONOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES ............................. 308 Measurement uncertainty ................................. 310 Common Pb correction .................................... 311 Tracer calibration and interlaboratory comparison ....... 312 U decay constants ....................................... 312 INTERMEDIATE DAUGHTER PRODUCT DISEQUILIBRIA ................ 313 GEOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY AND OPEN SYSTEM BEHAVIOR ............. 313 Crystal inheritance and Pb-loss ......................... 313 Resolving a geological "age" from a large population of zircon dates ......................................... 314 Sample selection and analytical strategies .............. 315 THE NEOPROTEROZOIC-CAMBRIAN TRANSITION .................. 316 Triassic-Jurassic boundary .............................. 318 THE END-PERMIAN EXTINCTION ................................. 320 SUMMARY .................................................... 322 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 323 REFERENCES ................................................. 323 12 Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope systems in zircon Peter D. Kinny, Roland Maas INTRODUCTION ............................................... 327 THE Lu-Hf ISOTOPE SYSTEM IN NATURE ......................... 327 Hafnium as a geochemical tracer ......................... 328 HF ISOTOPES IN ZIRCON ................................... 329 Measurement techniques .................................. 331 Studies of magmatic zircons ............................. 331 Studies of detrital zircon .............................. 332 Studies of metamorphic zircon ........................... 334 Studies of mantle zircons ............................... 334 Concluding remarks: Lu-Hf isotopes and zircon ........... 335 Sm-Nd ISOTOPE STUDIES OF ZIRCON ......................... 335 REE patterns of zircon .................................. 336 Sm-Nd mineral dating of zircon .......................... 336 Inherited Nd ............................................ 338 Concluding remarks: Sm-Nd isotopes and zircon ........... 338 OUTLOOK .................................................... 339 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 339 REFERENCES ................................................. 339 13 Oxygen Isotopes in Zircon John W. Valley INTRODUCTION ............................................... 343 ANALYSIS OF δ18O IN ZIRCON ................................. 343 Laser fluorination ...................................... 343 Ion microprobe .......................................... 343 Standards ............................................... 344 ZIRCON SAMPLE PREPARATION .................................. 345 Mechanical separation of zircons ........................ 346 Selection of zircons .................................... 346 Imaging zircons ......................................... 348 OXYGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN ZIRCON ..................... 348 OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE IN ZIRCON ............................ 349 ASSIMILATION VS. FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION ................ 352 MANTLE ZIRCONS ............................................. 354 PRE-CAMBRIAN ZIRCONS ....................................... 355 Archean granitoids ...................................... 355 Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits ................... 357 Hadean detrital zircons ................................. 358 Mid-Proterozoic ......................................... 359 CRUSTAL GROWTH AND MATURATION .............................. 363 Superior vs. Grenville province ......................... 363 Evolution of magmatic δ18O through time ................. 364 ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE ECLOGITES, DAB IE AND SULU ............. 365 FELSIC VOLCANISM, WESTERN UNITED STATES .................... 365 Low δ18O-rhyolites, Yellowstone ......................... 365 Timber Mountain / Oasis Valley Caldera Complex .......... 368 Bishop Tuff, Long Valley caldera ........................ 370 PHANEROZOIC GRANITES ....................................... 371 British Tertiary Igneous Province ....................... 371 Mesozoic and Cenozoic granites of the western United States .................................................. 374 A-type granites, northeastern China ..................... 377 Cenozoic granitoids of the Antarctic Peninsula .......... 377 Fe-oxide melt in syenitic xenoliths ..................... 378 Magmatic epidote-bearing granitoids ..................... 378 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 380 REFERENCES ................................................. 380 14 Radiation Effects in Zircon Rodney C. Ewing, Alkiviathes Meldrum, LuMin Wang, William J. Weber, L. René Corrales INTRODUCTION ............................................... 387 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ....................................... 389 Bulk properties ......................................... 390 Long range order ........................................ 392 Short-range order ....................................... 398 Recovery of radiation damage ............................ 400 MODELS OF DAMAGE ACCUMULATION .............................. 405 Temperature ............................................. 406 Ion mass and energy ..................................... 410 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DEFECT FORMATION AND RADIATION DAMAGE ..................................................... 411 Intrinsic and extrinsic defect energies ................. 412 Threshold displacement energies ......................... 413 Collision cascades ...................................... 414 UNRESOLVED RESEARCH ISSUES ................................. 418 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 420 REFERENCES ................................................. 420 15 Spectroscopic methods applied to zircon Lutz Nasdala, Ming Zhang, Ulf Kempe, Gerard Panczer, Michael Gaft, Michael Andrut, Michael Plötze INTRODUCTION ............................................... 427 LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF ZIRCON ........................ 428 Cathodoluminescence of zircon ........................... 428 Laser-induced time-resolved photoluminescence of zircon .................................................. 435 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY OF ZIRCON ......................... 438 Infrared absorption spectroscopy of zircon .............. 438 Raman spectroscopy of zircon ............................ 443 OTHER SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES ............................. 449 Electronic absorption spectroscopy ...................... 449 Mössbauer spectroscopy .................................. 455 Electron paramagnetic resonance ......................... 455 Other spectroscopic methods ............................. 459 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 460 REFERENCES ................................................. 460 16 Atlas of Zircon Textures Fernando Corfu, John M. Hanchar, Paul W.O. Hoskin, Peter Kinny INTRODUCTION ............................................... 469 ZIRCON IMAGING .......................................... 470 MORPHOLOGY OF ZIRCON .................................... 472 ZONING TEXTURES IN IGNEOUS ZIRCON .......................... 476 XENOCRYSTIC CORES .......................................... 478 SUBSOLIDUS MODIFICATIONS AND GROWTH OF ZIRCON .............. 480 Late-magmatic phenomena ................................. 480 Medium to high temperature metamorphism ................. 481 High-pressure metamorphism .............................. 486 HYDROTHERMAL ZIRCON ........................................ 487 KIMBERLITIC AND MANTLE-RELATED ZIRCON ...................... 488 IMPACT-RELATED TEXTURES .................................... 489 FRACTURING ................................................. 489 ALTERATION ................................................. 491 INCLUSIONS, INTERGROWTHS AND OVERGROWTHS OF ZIRCON AND OTHER MINERALS ............................................. 493 CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................... 494 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ 495 REFERENCES ................................................. 495