Grupen C. Particle detectors (Cambridge; New York, 2008). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаGrupen C. Particle detectors / C.Grupen, B.Shwartz; with contributions from H.Spieler et al. - 2nd ed. - Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. - xxiii, 651 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.599-651. - ISBN 978-0-521-18795-4
 

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Оглавление / Contents
 
   Preface to the second edition ......................... page xii
   Preface to the first edition ............................... xvi
   Introduction ................................................ xx

1  Interactions of particles and radiation with	matter .......... 1
   1.1   Interactions of charged particles ...................... 2
         1.1.1  Energy loss by ionisation and excitation ........ 3
         1.1.2  Channelling .................................... 12
         1.1.3  Ionisation yield ............................... 13
         1.1.4  Multiple scattering ............................ 18
         1.1.5  Bremsstrahlung ................................. 19
         1.1.6  Direct electron-pair production ................ 22
         1.1.7  Energy loss by photonuclear interactions ....... 24
         1.1.8  Total energy loss .............................. 24
         1.1.9  Energy-range relations for charged particles ... 20
         1.1.10 Synchrotron-radiation losses ................... 28
   1.2   Interactions of photons ............................... 31
         1.2.1  Photoelectric effect ........................... 32
         1.2.2  Compton effect ................................. 33
         1.2.3  Pair production ................................ 30
         1.2.4  Total photon absorption cross section .......... 38
   1.3   Strong interactions of hadrons ........................ 41
   1.4   Drift and diffusion in gases .......................... 43
   1.5   Problems .............................................. 49
   References .................................................. 51

2 Characteristic properties of detectors ....................... 56
   2.1   Resolutions and basic statistics ...................... 56
   2.2   Characteristic times .................................. 62
   2.3   Dead-time corrections ................................. 63
   2.4   Random coincidences ................................... 63
   2.5   Efficiencies .......................................... 65
   2.6   Problems .............................................. 69
   References .................................................. 69

3  Units of radiation measurements and radiation sources ....... 71
   3.1   Units of radial ion measurement ....................... 71
   3.2   Radiation sources ..................................... 76
   3.3   Problems .............................................. 79
   References .................................................. 81

4  Accelerators ................................................ 82
   1.1   Problems .............................................. 87
   References .................................................. 88

5  Main physical phenomena used for particle detection and
   basic counter types ......................................... 90
   5.1   Ionisation counters ................................... 90
         5.1.1 Ionisation counters without amplification ....... 90
         5.1.2 Proportional counters ........................... 97
         5.1.3 Geiger counters ................................ 104
         5.1.4 Streamer tubes ................................. 106
   5.2   Ionisation detectors with liquids .................... 110
   5.3   Solid-state ionisation counters ...................... 112
   5.4   Scintillation counters ............................... 122
   5.5   Photoniultipliers and photodiodes .................... 130
   5.6   Chercnkov counters ................................... 142
   5.7   Transition-radiation detectors (TRD) ................. 140
   5.8   Problems ............................................. 150
   References ................................................. 151

6  Historical track detectors ................................. 160
   6.l   Cloud chambers ....................................... 160
   6.2   Bubble chambers ...................................... 163
   6.3   Streamer chambers .................................... 167
   6.4   Neou-Hash-tube chamber ............................... 169
   6.5   Spark chambers ....................................... 170
   6.6   Nuclear emulsions .................................... 173
   6.7   Silver-halide crystals ............................... 175
   6.8   X-ray films .......................................... 170
   6.9   Thermoluminescence detectors ......................... 177
   6.10  Radiophotoluminesconce detectors ..................... 178
   6.11  Plastic detectors .................................... 179
   6.12  Problems ............................................. 180
   References ................................................. 181

7  Track detectors ............................................ 186
   7.1   Multiwire proportional chambers ...................... 186
   7.2   Planar drift chambers ................................ 191
   7.3   Cylindrical wire chambers ............................ 197
         7.3.1 Cylindrical proportional and drift chambers .... 198
         7.3.2 Jet drift chambers ............................. 205
         7.3.3 Time-projection chambers	(TPCs) ................ 208
   7.4   Micropattern gaseous detectors ....................... 212
   7.5   Semiconductor track detectors ........................ 215
   7.6   Scintillating fibre trackers ......................... 219
   7.7   Problems ............................................. 222
   References ................................................. 223

8  Calorimetry ................................................ 230
   8.1   Electromagnetic calorimeters ......................... 231
         8.1.1	Electron--photon cascades ..................... 231
         8.1.2	Homogeneous calorimeters ...................... 238
         8.1.3	Sampling calorimeters ......................... 244
   8.2   Hadron calorimeters .................................. 249
   8.3   Calibration and monitoring of calorimeters ........... 258
   8.4   Cryogenic calorimeters ............................... 201
   8.5   Problems ............................................. 207
   References ................................................. 207

9  Particle identification .................................... 273
   9.1   Charged-particle identification ...................... 274
         9.1.1 Time-of-Hight counters ......................... 274
         9.1.2 Identification by ionisation losses ............ 278
         9.1.3 Identification using Cheronkov radiation ....... 281
         9.1.4 Transition-radiation detectors ................. 289
   9.2   Particle identification with calorimeters ............ 292
   9.3   Neutron detection .................................... 290
   9.4   Problems ............................................. 301
   References ................................................. 302

10 Neutrino detectors ......................................... 307
   10.1  Neutrino sources ..................................... 307
   10.2  Neutrino reactions ................................... 309
   10.3  Some historical remarks on neutrino detection ........ 310
   10.4  Neutrino detectors ................................... 311
   10.5  Problems ............................................. 323
   References ................................................. 324

11 Momentum measurement and muon detection .................... 327
   11.1  Magnetic spectrometers for fixed-target
         experiments .......................................... 328
   11.2  Magnetic spectrometers for special applications ...... 336
   11.3  Problems ............................................. 342
   References ................................................. 344

12 Ageing and radiation effects ............................... 346
   12.1  Ageing effects in gaseous detectors .................. 346
   12.2  Radiation hardness of scintillators .................. 352
   12.3  Radiation hardness of Cherenkov counters ............. 354
   12.4  Radiation hardness of silicon detectors .............. 355
   12.5  Problems ............................................. 357
   References ................................................. 358

13 Example of a general-purpose detector: Belle ............... 360
   13.1  Detector components .................................. 361
         13.1.1 The silicon vertex detector (SVD) ............. 362
         13.1.2 The central drift chamber (CDC) ............... 364
         13.1.3 The aerogel Cherenkov-counter system (ACC) .... 367
         13.1.4 Time-of-flight counters (TOF) ................. 369
         13.1.5 Electromagnetic calorimetry (ECL) ............. 372
         13.1.6 The KL and muon detection system (KLM) ........ 377
   13.2  Particle identification .............................. 379
   13.3  Data-acquisition electronics and trigger system ...... 382
   13.4  Luminosity measurement and the detector
         performance .......................................... 385
   13.5  Problems ............................................. 387
   References ................................................. 388

14 Electronics ................................................ 390
   14.1  Introduction ......................................... 390
   14.2  Example systems ...................................... 391
   14.3  Detection limits ..................................... 395
   14.4  Acquiring the sensor signal .......................... 397
         14.4.1 Signal integration ............................ 397
   14.5  Signal processing .................................... 402
   14.6  Electronic noise ..................................... 403
         14.6.1 Thermal (Johnson) noise ....................... 404
         14.6.2 Shot noise .................................... 405
   14.7  Signal-to-noise ratio versus sensor capacitance ...... 405
   14.8  Pulse shaping ........................................ 406
   14.9  Noise analysis of a detector and front-end
         amplifier ............................................ 409
   14.10 Timing measurements .................................. 415
   14.11 Digital electronics .................................. 417
         14.11.1 Logic elements ............................... 417
         14.11.2 Propagation delays and power dissipation ..... 419
         14.11.3 Logic arrays ................................. 421
   14.12 Analogue-to-digital conversion ....................... 421
   14.13 Time-to-digital converters (TDCs) .................... 425
   14.14 Signal transmission .................................. 427
   14.15 Interference and pickup .............................. 429
         14.15.1 Pickup mechanisms ............................ 429
         14.15.2 Remedial techniques .......................... 431
   14.16 Conclusion ........................................... 433
   14.17 Problems ............................................. 433
   References ................................................. 435

15 Data analysis .............................................. 436
   15.1  Introduction ......................................... 436
   15.2  Reconstruction of raw detector data .................. 436
   15.3  Analysis challenges .................................. 439
   15.4  Analysis building blocks ............................. 441
         15.4.1 Charged-particle trajectories ................. 442
         15.4.2 Energy reconstruction ......................... 446
         15.4.3 Quark jets .................................... 447
         15.4.4 Stable-particle identification ................ 449
         15.4.5 Displaced vertices and unstable-particle
                reconstruction ................................ 449
   15.5  Analysis components .................................. 452
         15.5.1 Monte Carlo event generators .................. 452
         15.5.2 Simulation of detector response ............... 453
         15.5.3 Beyond the detector ........................... 453
         15.5.4 Multivariate techniques ....................... 455
   15.6  Analysis in action ................................... 459
   15.7  Problems ............................................. 462
   References ................................................. 462

16 Applications of particle detectors outside particle
   physics .................................................... 466
   16.1  Radiation camera ..................................... 467
   16.2  Imaging of blood vessels ............................. 471
   16.3  Tumour therapy with particle beams ................... 475
   16.4  Surface investigations with slow protons ............. 480
   16.5  Gamma- and neutron-backseat ter measurements ......... 482
   16.6  Tribology ............................................ 484
   16.7  Identification of isotopes in radioactive fallout .... 486
   16.8  Search for hidden chambers in pyramids ............... 487
   16.9  Random-number generators using radioactive decays .... 489
   16.10 Experimental proof of vevμ ........................ 492
   16.11 Detector telescope for γ-ray astronomy ............... 495
   16.12 Measurement of extensive air showers with the Fly's
         Eye detector ......................................... 497
   16.13 Search for proton decay with water Cherenkov
         counters ............................................. 500
   16.14 Radio-carbon dating .................................. 501
   16.15 Accident dosimetry ................................... 503
   16.16 Problems ............................................. 503
   References ................................................. 505

   Résumé ..................................................... 510

17 Glossary ................................................... 512

18 Solutions .................................................. 533

   Appendix 1: Table of fundamental physical constants ........ 577

   Appendix 2: Definition and conversion of physical units .... 580

   Appendix 3: Properties of pure and composite materials ..... 582

   Appendix 4: Monte Carlo event generators ................... 584

   Appendix 5: Decay-level schemes ............................ 591

   Index ...................................................... 599


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