About the Editor ............................................. xiii
List of Contributors ........................................... xv
Preface ....................................................... xix
1 Wireless Systems and Printed Antennas ........................ 1
Rod Waterhouse and Dalma Novak
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Examples of Wireless Systems ............................ 3
1.3 New Wireless Platforms ................................. 13
1.4 Antenna Requirements ................................... 16
1.5 Fundamental Printed Antennas ........................... 19
1.6 Outline of the Book .................................... 33
References .................................................. 34
Part I Fundamental Wideband Printed Antennas for Wireless
Systems ................................................ 37
2 Multilayered Patch Antennas ................................. 39
Wayne S.T. Rowe
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 39
2.2 Types of Multilayered Patch Antennas ................... 40
2.3 Design Trends of Multilayered Patch Antennas ........... 41
2.4 Analysis of Layered Structures ......................... 56
2.5 Summary ................................................ 67
References .................................................. 67
3 Printed Quasi-Yagi Antennas ................................. 69
Kevin M.K.H. Leong and Tatsuo Itoh
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 69
3.2 Quasi-Yagi Antenna Element ............................. 69
3.3 CPW-fed and CB-CPW-Fed Quasi-Yagi Antennas ............. 78
3.4 Quasi-Yagi Antenna Arrays .............................. 87
3.5 Active Antennas with Quasi-Yagi Radiators .............. 98
3.6 Summary ............................................... 100
Acknowledgements ........................................... 100
References ................................................. 100
4 Printed Spiral Antennas .................................... 103
Chi-Chih Chen and John Volakis
4.1 Introduction and Historical Overview .................. 103
4.2 Spiral Antenna Fundamentals ........................... 105
4.3 Effect of Ground-Plane Backing ........................ 114
4.4 Spiral Antenna Miniaturization using Slow Wave
Treatments ............................................ 116
4.5 Integration of Dielectric and Inductive Loadings ...... 128
4.6 Summary ............................................... 129
References ................................................. 129
5 Printed Folded Beverage Antennas ........................... 133
Rod Waterhouse and Dalma Novak
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 133
5.2 Proposed Antenna Configuration and General
Characteristics ....................................... 135
5.3 Design Trends ......................................... 140
5.4 Low-Profile, Constrained Area Design .................. 142
5.5 Three-Dimensional, Constrained Area Design ............ 151
5.6 Summary ............................................... 158
Acknowledgements ........................................... 158
References ................................................. 159
6 Printed Tapered Slot Antennas .............................. 161
Amin M. Abbosh, Marek E. Bialkowski and Hing K. Kan
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 161
6.2 Types of Tapered Slot Antennas ........................ 162
6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tapered Slot
Antennas .............................................. 165
6.4 Theoretical Models for Tapered Slot Antennas .......... 166
6.5 Parametric Study of Tapered Slot Antennas ............. 168
6.6 Design of Tapered Slot Antennas ....................... 176
6.7 Feeding Procedures for Tapered Slot Antennas .......... 181
6.8 Arrays of Tapered Slot Antennas ....................... 186
6.9 Applications of Tapered Slot Antennas ................. 189
6.10 Summary ............................................... 193
References ................................................. 193
Part II Small Printed Antennas for Wireless Systems .......... 195
7 Planar Inverted-F Antennas ................................. 197
Peter S. Hall, E. Lee and C.T.P. Song
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 197
7.2 Single-Frequency Planar Inverted-F Antennas ........... 199
7.3 Multiple-Frequency Planar Inverted-F Antennas ......... 203
7.4 Reduced-Size Planar Inverted-F Antennas ............... 209
7.5 Switched-Band Planar Inverted-F Antennas .............. 214
7.6 Applications of Planar Inverted-F Antennas ............ 218
7.7 Summary ............................................... 224
References ................................................. 224
8 Small Patch-Based Antennas ................................. 229
Hing K. Kan, Rod Waterhouse, Dean Pavlickovski and
Andrew Y.J. Lee
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 229
8.2 Microstrip Patch Antennas ............................. 230
8.3 Variations of the Shorted Patch Antenna ............... 234
8.4 Dual-Frequency Shorted Patch Antennas ................. 239
8.5 Low Cross-Polarized Antennas .......................... 247
8.6 Summary ............................................... 253
References ................................................. 253
9 Small Multiband Printed Monopole Antennas .................. 257
Karu Esselle and Yuehe Ge
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 257
9.2 Dual-Arm Printed Monopole Antennas .................... 258
9.3 A Dual-Arm CPW-Fed Monopole Antenna ................... 262
9.4 Three-Arm Printed Monopole Antennas ................... 266
9.5 Multiband Printed Spiral Monopole Antennas ............ 270
9.6 A Surface-Mount Monopole Antenna ...................... 275
9.7 Summary ............................................... 278
References ................................................. 278
10 Printed Antennas in Packages ............................... 281
Jennifer T. Bernhard
10.1 Introduction ......................................... 281
10.2 Effects of the Embedded Environment on Printed
Antennas ............................................. 282
10.3 Examples of Other Work on Printed Antennas in
Packages ............................................. 285
10.4 Design Methods for Antennas and Antenna Placement
in Packages .......................................... 289
10.5 Directions for Future Work in this Area .............. 291
10.6 Summary .............................................. 294
References ................................................. 294
Part III Advanced Concepts and Applications in Wireless
Systems ............................................. 297
11 Printed Reflectarray Antennas .............................. 299
Marek E. Bialkowski, Jose A. Encinar,
J.A. Zornoza-Ramirez and F.C.-E. Tsai
11.1 Introduction ......................................... 299
11.2 Principles of Operation .............................. 301
11.3 Phasing Methods ...................................... 302
11.4 Single-Beam Reflectarray Design ...................... 312
11.5 Shaped-Beam Reflectarrays ............................ 318
11.6 Multibeam Reflectarrays .............................. 323
11.7 Folded Reflector Antennas ............................ 325
11.8 Summary .............................................. 327
Acknowledgements ........................................... 327
References ................................................. 327
12 Antennas on Artificial Magnetic Conductors and Other
Impedance Surfaces ......................................... 331
Daniel F. Sievenpiper
12.1 Introduction ......................................... 331
12.2 High-Impedance Surfaces .............................. 332
12.3 Surface Wave Bands ................................... 333
12.4 Reflection Phase ..................................... 336
12.5 Bandwidth ............................................ 337
12.6 Antennas on High-Impedance Surfaces .................. 339
12.7 Diffraction Control .................................. 339
12.8 Tunable Impedance Surfaces ........................... 343
12.9 Holographic Artificial Impedance Surfaces ............ 345
12.10 Summary .............................................. 351
References ................................................. 352
13 Transceiver Architectures for Highly Integrated RF
Front-Ends ................................................. 355
Sanjay Raman and Richard M. Svitek
13.1 Introduction ......................................... 355
13.2 Wireless System-on-a-Chip ............................ 356
13.3 Receiver Architectures ............................... 358
13.4 Transmitter Architectures ............................ 371
13.5 Front-End-Antenna Interface and Integration Issues ... 373
13.6 Summary .............................................. 376
References ................................................. 376
14 Frequency-Agile Antennas for a Software-Defined and
Cognitive Radio ............................................ 379
J.T. Aberle, S.-H. Oh and G.A. Taylor
14.1 Introduction ......................................... 379
14.2 Two-Port Representation of an Antenna ................ 381
14.3 Automatic Antenna Tuning Unit (AATU) ................. 385
14.4 AATU Prototype and Test Setup ........................ 401
14.5 Summary .............................................. 404
References ................................................. 404
15 Antenna Evaluation for Communications with
Diversity/MIMO ............................................. 407
Rodney Vaughan
15.1 Introduction ......................................... 407
15.2 Basic Antenna Parameters and Evaluation with Ideal
Point-to-Point ....................................... 410
15.3 Noise ................................................ 427
15.4 Gain Factors for Non-Line-of-Sight ................... 429
15.5 Summary .............................................. 443
Acknowledgement ............................................ 444
References ................................................. 444
Index ......................................................... 447
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