Preface ......................................................... V
1 Spray Detonation
S.B. Murray and P.A. Thibault ................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 1
1.2 Laboratory Studies of Confined Spray Detonation .......... 2
1.2.1 Detonability Studies in Tubes and Chambers ......... 2
1.2.2 Structure of Spray Detonations and Velocity
Deficits ........................................... 7
1.3 Detonation in Unconfined Fuel Sprays in Air ............. 15
1.3.1 Sprays Created by Low-Pressure Nozzles ............ 15
1.3.2 Sprays Created by Explosively Driven Nozzles ...... 19
1.3.3 Sprays Created Explosively in "Trough Tests" ...... 26
1.3.4 Sprays Created by Explosive Dispersal from
Canisters ......................................... 30
1.3.5 Sprays Created by Explosive Dispersal from
Hoses ............................................. 42
1.4 Chemical Initiation of Detonation ....................... 51
1.4.1 Fundamental Chemical Initiation Studies ........... 51
1.4.2 Single-Event FAE Device Studies ................... 54
1.5 Detonation Propulsion Studies ........................... 59
1.6 Modelling of Spray Detonation and Explosive Liquid
Dispersal ............................................... 63
1.6.1 Spray Detonation Modelling Studies ................ 64
1.6.2 Modelling of Explosive Liquid Dispersal ........... 69
1.7 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 73
References .................................................. 77
2 Detonation of Gas—Particle Flow
F. Zhang .................................................... 87
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 87
2.2 Detonation Theory of Gas-Particle Flow .................. 90
2.2.1 Equilibrium CJ Detonation Model ................... 90
2.2.2 Two-Phase ZND Detonation Model .................... 92
2.2.3 Unsteady Two-Phase Fluid Dynamics Model .......... 101
2.3 Transition to Detonation ............................... 108
2.3.1 Progressive DDT .................................. 108
2.3.2 Abrupt DDT ....................................... 110
2.3.3 Transition to Detonation Near the End Wall ....... 117
2.3.4 Initiation of Unconfined Detonation .............. 118
2.3.5 Detonation Velocity and Pressure ................. 121
2.4 Detonation Structure ................................... 124
2.4.1 Spinning and Cellular Detonation ................. 124
2.4.2 Detonation Dynamic Parameters .................... 126
2.5 Quasi-Detonation in Tubes .............................. 131
2.6 Hybrid Detonation ...................................... 134
2.6.1 Hybrid Detonation Modes .......................... 134
2.6.2 Influencing Factors .............................. 142
2.7 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 146
Appendix ................................................... 147
A Two-Phase Fluid Dynamics Equations ..................... 147
B Equations of State ..................................... 149
C Interphase Transfers ................................... 153
C.1 Mass Transfer ...................................... 153
C.2 Momentum Transfer .................................. 156
C.3 Heat Transfer ...................................... 158
C.4 Particle Number Change ............................. 159
References ................................................. 161
3 Slurry Detonation
D.L. Frost and F. Zhang .................................... 169
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 169
3.1.1 Definitions of Slurry Blasting Agents and
Explosives ....................................... 170
3.1.2 Applications of Slurry Explosives ................ 171
3.1.3 Historical Development of Slurry Explosives ...... 171
3.1.4 Chapter Outline .................................. 172
3.2 Formulations of Slurry Explosives ...................... 172
3.2.1 Water-Gel and Emulsion Slurry Formulations ....... 172
3.2.2 Procedure for Generating Water-Gel Slurry and
Emulsion Explosives .............................. 172
3.2.3 Fuel-Rich Slurry Explosive Formulations .......... 173
3.3 Explosive Properties of Slurry Explosives .............. 174
3.3.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics ....................... 175
3.3.2 Detonation Velocity of Emulsion Explosives ....... 177
3.3.3 Hot-Spot Sensitization in Emulsion Explosives .... 181
3.3.4 Impact Sensitivity of Emulsion Explosives ........ 182
3.3.5 Nitromethane Slurry Explosives ................... 184
3.4 Models for Detonation Propagation in Slurry
Explosives ............................................. 196
3.4.1 Equilibrium Model ................................ 196
3.4.2 Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring Model ............... 196
3.4.3 Detonation Shock Dynamics ........................ 197
3.4.4 Mesoscale Continuum Modeling ..................... 198
3.5 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 210
References ................................................. 211
4 Detonation of Metalized Composite Explosives
M.F. Gogulya and M.A. Brazhnikov ........................... 217
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 217
4.2 Detonation Velocity .................................... 219
4.2.1 DV in Metalized Explosives ....................... 219
4.2.2 DV in Aluminized Explosives ...................... 224
4.3 Pressure and Temperature Time Histories ................ 235
4.3.1 HMX-Based Explosives ............................. 236
4.3.2 NQ Based Explosives .............................. 247
4.3.3 BTNEN-Based Explosives ........................... 249
4.3.4 RDX-AP-Based Explosives .......................... 251
4.4 Acceleration Ability ................................... 251
4.4.1 Plate Acceleration ............................... 251
4.4.2 Cylinder Test .................................... 255
4.5 Heat of Explosion ...................................... 255
4.6 Nanocomposite Explosives ............................... 261
4.6.1 ADN and Nanometric Al Formulations ............... 261
4.6.2 HMX and Nanometric Al Formulations ............... 268
4.7 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 275
Appendix ................................................... 277
References ................................................. 279
5 Shock-Induced Solid—Solid Reactions and Detonations
Yu.A. Gordopolov, S.S. Batsanov, and V.S. Trofimov ......... 287
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 287
5.2 Shock-Induced Solid-Solid Reactions .................... 288
5.2.1 Experimental Observations ........................ 288
5.2.2 Temperature Measurements ......................... 288
5.2.3 Kinematic Measurements ........................... 290
5.2.4 Mechanical Consequences in Recovery Ampoules ..... 291
5.2.5 Solid-Solid Syntheses ............................ 292
5.2.6 Mechanism of Ultrafast Diffusion ................. 295
5.3 Shock-Induced Solid-Solid Detonation in Zinc-Sulfur
Powders ................................................ 296
5.3.1 Initiation of Detonation ......................... 296
5.3.2 Direct Measurement of Detonation Velocity ........ 297
5.4 Thermodynamic Fundamentals of Solid-Solid
Detonation ............................................. 300
5.4.1 Basic Assumptions ................................ 300
5.4.2 Thermal Effects of Physicochemical
Transformation ................................... 301
5.4.3 Shock Equations .................................. 304
5.4.4 The Role of Thermal Effects in Laminar Motion
of Reacting Matter ............................... 306
5.4.5 Thermal Criterion for Shock or Detonation ........ 308
References ................................................. 310
6 Shock Ignition of Particles
S.M. Frolov and A.V. Fedorov .............................. 315
6.1 Introduction .............................................. 315
6.2 Ignition of Solid Particles ............................... 317
6.2.1 Experimental and Theoretical Findings ............... 317
6.2.2 Static Conditions ................................... 320
6.2.3 Dynamic Conditions .................................. 339
6.3 Ignition of Liquid Drops .................................. 347
6.3.1 Drop Deformation .................................... 347
6.3.2 Single Drop Vaporization ............................ 349
6.3.3 Drop Breakup ........................................ 358
6.3.4 Cloud of Breakup Fragments .......................... 360
6.3.5 Vaporization of Drops in Clouds ..................... 361
6.3.6 Kinetic Mechanisms of Drop Ignition and
Combustion .......................................... 365
6.3.7 High-Temperature Drop Ignition ...................... 366
6.3.8 Low-Temperature Drop Ignition ....................... 369
6.3.9 Ignition of Disintegrating Drops .................... 373
6.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................ 374
References .................................................... 375
Index ......................................................... 385
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