Foreword ....................................................... xi
Preface ........................................................ ix
Author ......................................................... xv
List of Acronyms ............................................. xvii
1 Porous Materials and Electrochemistry ........................ 1
1.1 Porous Materials, Concept, and Classifications .......... 1
1.2 Mixed Porous Materials .................................. 2
1.3 Electrochemistry and Porous Materials ................... 3
1.4 Synthesis of Porous Materials ........................... 5
1.5 Material-Modified Electrodes ............................ 6
1.6 Electrode-Modified Materials ............................ 8
1.7 General Electrochemical Considerations .................. 8
1.8 Diffusive Aspects ...................................... 11
1.9 Voltammetry and Related Techniques ..................... 12
1.10 Resistive and Capacitive Effects ....................... 15
1.11 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ................. 19
1.12 Other Techniques ....................................... 24
2 Electrochemical Processes Involving Porous Materials ........ 27
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 27
2.2 General Approach ....................................... 29
2.3 Continuous Layer ....................................... 31
2.4 Microheterogeneous Deposits ............................ 34
2.5 Distribution of Species ................................ 38
2.6 Refinements ............................................ 40
2.7 Fractal Surfaces ....................................... 41
3 Electrocatalysis ............................................ 47
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 47
3.2 Electrocatalysis by Surface-Confined Species ........... 49
3.3 Electrocatalysis at Microparticulate Deposits of
Porous Materials ....................................... 49
3.4 Modeling Electrocatalysis at Microheterogeneous
Deposits of Porous Materials: The Steady-State
Approach ............................................... 57
3.5 Modeling Electrocatalysis at Microheterogeneous
Deposits of Porous Materials: Transient Responses ...... 60
3.6 Electrocatalytic Mechanisms ............................ 63
4 Electrochemistry of Aluminosilicates ........................ 69
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 69
4.2 Zeolites ............................................... 69
4.3 Electrochemistry of Zeolite-Associated Species ......... 72
4.4 Topological Redox Isomers .............................. 74
4.5 Species Distribution ................................... 77
4.6 Mesoporous Materials ................................... 81
4.7 Electrochemistry of Related Materials .................. 82
4.8 Speciation: The Maya Blue Problem ...................... 83
5 Electrochemistry of Metal-Organic Frameworks ................ 95
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 95
5.2 Ion Insertion-Driven Electrochemistry of MOFs .......... 96
5.3 Metal Deposition Electrochemistry of MOFs ............. 101
5.4 Sensing and Electrocatalysis .......................... 1ll
6 Electrochemistry of Porous Oxides and Related Materials .... 117
6.1 Overview .............................................. 117
6.2 Electrochemistry of Metal Oxides and Metal
Oxohydroxides ......................................... 117
6.3 Electrochemistry of Layered Hydroxides and Related
Materials ............................................. 123
6.4 Electrochemistry of POMs .............................. 126
6.5 Electrochemistry of Doped Materials ................... 128
6.6 Porous Anodic Metal Oxide Films ....................... 131
6.7 Electrocatalysis at Metal Oxides and Related
Materials ............................................. 136
6.8 Site-Characteristic Electrochemistry .................. 137
7 Electrochemistry of Porous Carbons and Nanotubes ........... 143
7.1 Carbons as Electrochemical Materials .................. 143
7.2 Porous Carbons ........................................ 143
7.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons ...................... 145
7.4 Fullerenes ............................................ 149
7.5 Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of Fullerenes
and Nanotubes ......................................... 154
7.6 Capacitance Response .................................. 155
7.7 Carbon Functionalization .............................. 156
7.8 Electrocatalytic Ability .............................. 158
8 Electrochemistry of Porous Polymers and Hybrid Materials ... 167
8.1 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials and
Nanocomposites ........................................ 167
9.2 Porous Polymers ....................................... 168
8.3 Hybrid Materials Based on Modification of Conducting
Organic Polymers ...................................... 169
8.4 Hybrid Materials Based on Modification with
Conducting Polymers ................................... 174
8.5 Electrochemical Monitoring of Polymerization in
Hybrid Systems ........................................ 181
8.6 Dispersion of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
into Porous Solids .................................... 188
9 Electrochemical Sensing via Porous Materials ............... 197
9.1 Electrochemical Sensing ............................... 197
9.2 Gas Sensors with Porous Materials ..................... 198
9.3 Solid-State pH and Ion-Selective Electrodes ........... 203
9.4 Amperometric Sensing .................................. 204
9.5 Voltammetric Sensing and Selectivity .................. 208
9.6 Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensing .............. 213
9.7 Electrochemical Modeling of Electronic Systems ........ 217
10 Supercapacitors, Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Related
Applications ............................................... 223
10.1 Electrical Energy Storage and Conversion .............. 223
10.2 Capacitors and Supercapacitors ........................ 223
10.3 Nickel Batteries ...................................... 228
10.4 Lithium Batteries ..................................... 229
10.5 Fuel Cells ............................................ 236
10.6 Electrocogeneration ................................... 242
11 Magnetoelectrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry of
Porous Materials ........................................... 245
11.1 Magnetoelectrochemistry ............................... 245
11.2 Photoelectrochemistry ................................. 249
11.3 Photon Energy and Redox Processes ..................... 253
11.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells ............................ 254
11.5 Electrochemically Induced Luminescence and
Electrochromic Materials .............................. 256
11.5 Photochemical Modulation of Electrocatalytic
Processes ............................................. 25S
12 Microporous Materials in Electrosynthesis and
Environmental Remediation .................................. 265
12.1 Electrosynthesis ...................................... 265
12.2 Electrolytic Procedures Involving Porous Electrodes ... 266
12.3 Electrocatalytic Processes ............................ 266
12.4 Oxygen Evolution Reaction ............................. 267
12.5 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ........................... 268
12.6 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols ................ 269
12.7 Electrochemical Degradation of Contaminants ........... 269
12.8 Degradation/Generation ................................ 271
12.9 Photoelectrochemical Degradation ...................... 272
References .................................................... 275
Index ......................................................... 307
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