Foreword ....................................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
1 Electric Energy Flow: Physical Mechanisms .................... 1
1.1 Problems ............................................... 16
1.2 References ............................................. 18
2 Single-Phase Systems With Sinusoidal Waveforms .............. 21
2.1 The Resistance ......................................... 21
2.2 The Inductance ......................................... 25
2.3 The Capacitance ........................................ 27
2.4 The R - L - C Loads .................................... 29
2.5 The Apparent Power ..................................... 30
2.6 The Concept of Power Factor and Power Factor
Correction ............................................. 34
2.7 Comments on Power Factor ............................... 38
2.8 Other Means of Reactive Power Control and
Compensation ........................................... 41
2.9 Series Compensation .................................... 44
2.10 Reactive Power Caused by Mechanical Components that
Store Energy ........................................... 45
2.11 Physical Interpretation of Instantaneous Powers by
Means of Poynting Vector ............................... 48
2.12 Problems ............................................... 57
2.13 References ............................................. 60
3 Single-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms ........... 63
3.1 The Linear Resistance .................................. 63
3.2 The Linear Inductance .................................. 68
3.3 The Linear Capacitance ................................. 71
3.4 The Linear Series R - L - С Circuit .................... 71
3.5 The Nonlinear Resistance ............................... 74
3.6 The Nonlinear Inductance ............................... 80
3.7 Nonlinear Load: The General Case ....................... 83
3.8 Problems ............................................... 90
3.9 References ............................................. 92
4 Apparent Power Resolution for Nonsinusoidal Single-Phase
Systems ..................................................... 93
4.1 Constantin I. Budeanu's Method ......................... 95
4.2 Stanislaw Fryze's Method ............................... 99
4.3 Manfred Depenbrock's Method ........................... 102
4.4 Leszek Czarnecki's Method ............................. 106
4.5 The Author's Method ................................... 110
4.6 Comparison Among the Methods .......................... 115
4.7 Power Factor Compensation ............................. 120
4.8 Comments on Skin Effect, Apparent Power, and Power
Factor ................................................ 128
4.9 The Additiveness Problem .............................. 131
4.10 Problems .............................................. 135
4.11 References ............................................ 137
5 Three-Phase Systems with Sinusoidal Waveforms .............. 139
5.1 Background: The Balanced and Symmetrical System ....... 140
5.2 The Three-Phase Unbalanced System ..................... 142
5.3 The Power Factor Dilemma .............................. 145
5.4 Powers and Symmetrical Components ..................... 149
5.4.1 How Symmetrical Components are Generated ....... 149
5.4.2 Expressing the Powers by Means of Symmetrical
Components ..................................... 154
5.5 Effective Apparent Power Resolutions .................. 158
5.5.7 FBD-Method ..................................... 158
5.5.2 L.S. Czarnecki's Method ........................ 165
5.5.3 IEEE Std. 1459-2010 Method ..................... 167
5.5.4 Comparison Between The Two Major Engineering
Schools of Thought ............................. 169
5.6 Problems .............................................. 182
5.7 References ............................................ 184
6 Three-Phase Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions ........ 185
6.1 The Vector Apparent Power Approach .................... 185
6.2 The IEEE Std. 1459-2010's Approach .................... 187
6.3 The DIN 40110's Approach .............................. 192
6.3.1 The IEEE Std. 1459-2010 Approach ............... 195
6.3.2 The DIN40110 Approach .......................... 196
6.4 Observations and Suggestions .......................... 198
6.5 Problems .............................................. 201
6.6 References ............................................ 202
7 Power Definitions for Time-Varying Loads ................... 205
7.1 Background: Basic Example ............................. 206
7.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal Case .......................... 210
7.2.1 Analytical Expressions of Powers: Single-
Phase Sinusoidal ............................... 213
7.3 Single-Phase Nonsinusoidal Case ....................... 214
7.4 Three-Phase Sinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition ....... 216
7.5 Three-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal and
Unbalanced Condition .................................. 220
7.6 Problems .............................................. 225
7.7 References ............................................ 227
8 Appendices ................................................. 229
8.1 Appendix I: The Electrostatic Field Distribution in
a Coaxial Cable ....................................... 229
8.2 Appendix II: Poynting Vector due to Displacement
Current ............................................... 231
8.3 Appendix III: Electric Field Caused by a Time-
Varying Magnetic Field ................................ 232
8.4 Appendix IV: The Electromagnetic Wave Along the
Three-Phase Line ...................................... 235
8.5 Appendix V: Equation (5.99) ........................... 242
8.6 Appendix VI: Maximum Active Power (Three-Phase,
Four-Wire System) ..................................... 243
8.7 Appendix VII: About the Ratio p = Rs/Rn ............... 247
8.8 Appendix VIII: The Use of Varmeters in the Presence
of Nonsinusoidal and Asymmetrical Voltages and
Currents .............................................. 249
8.9 References ............................................ 258
Index ......................................................... 259
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