Ju H. NanoBiosensing: principles, development and application (New York, 2011). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаJu H. NanoBiosensing: principles, development and application / H.Ju, X.Zhang, J.Wang. - New York: Springer, 2011. - xv, 586 p.: ill. - (Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.569-586. - ISBN 978-1-4419-9621-3
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
1  Biofunctionalization of Nanomaterials ........................ 1
   1.1  Introduction ............................................ 1
   1.2  Biofunctionalization Method of Nanomaterials ............ 2
        1.2.1  Biofunctionalization by Noncovalent Assembly ..... 2
        1.2.2  Covalent Route for the Biofunctionalization
               of Nanomaterials ................................. 5
   1.3  Biofunctional Nanomaterials ............................ 10
        1.3.1  Carbon-Based Nanomaterials ...................... 10
        1.3.2  Metal Nanoparticles ............................. 12
        1.3.3  Semiconductor Nanoparticles ..................... 14
        1.3.4  Magnetic Nanoparticles .......................... 15
        1.3.5  Other Biofunctional Nanomaterials ............... 17
   1.4  Characterization of Biofunctional Nanomaterials ........ 19
   1.5  Applications of Biofunctional Nanomaterials ............ 21
        1.5.1  Optical Sensing ................................. 21
        1.5.2  Electrochemical Sensing ......................... 27
   1.6  Conclusions ............................................ 32
   References .................................................. 32
2  Signal Amplification for Nanobiosensing ..................... 39
   2.1  Introduction ........................................... 39
   2.2  Nanoparticle-Amplified Optical Assay ................... 40
        2.2.1  Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle-Based
               Amplification ................................... 40
        2.2.2  Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based
               Amplification ................................... 48
        2.2.3  Nanoparticle-Amplified Chemiluminescence
               and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Assay .... 49
   2.3  Nanoparticle-Amplified Electrochemical Detection ....... 54
        2.3.1  Enhanced Conductivity with Nanoparticles ........ 54
        2.3.2  Detection of Nanoparticle Label with Stripping
               Voltammetry ..................................... 57
        2.3.3  Nanoparticle-Enhanced Impedance Signal .......... 58
        2.3.4  Nanoparticle-Enhanced Voltammetric Signal ....... 62
   2.4  Nanoparticles as Carrier for Signal Amplification ...... 65
        2.4.1  Gold Nanoparticles as Tracer .................... 65
        2.4.2  Carbon Nanotubes as Carrier ..................... 73
        2.4.3  Silica Nanoparticles as Carrier ................. 75
        2.4.4  Other Materials as Carrier ...................... 77
   2.5  Conclusions ............................................ 79
   References .................................................. 79
3  Nanostructured Mimic Enzymes for Biocatalysis and
   Biosensing .................................................. 85
   3.1  Introduction ........................................... 85
        3.1.1  Need for Nanostructured Mimic Enzymes ........... 85
        3.1.2  Developments in Nanostructured Mimic Enzymes .... 86
   3.2  Nanostructure Used in Artificial Mimic Enzymes ......... 87
        3.2.1  K3Fe(CN)6 ....................................... 87
        3.2.2  Fe3O4 ........................................... 89
        3.2.3  FeS ............................................. 93
        3.2.4  Polystyrene ..................................... 95
        3.2.5  Breslow's Mimics ................................ 96
   3.3  Mimic Enzymes for Sensors .............................. 98
        3.3.1  H2O2 Sensors .................................... 98
        3.3.2  Glutamate Sensors ............................... 98
        3.3.3  Glucose Sensors ................................. 99
        3.3.4  Nonelectroactive Cation Sensors ................ 100
        3.3.5  Easily Oxidizable Compounds and Other
               Nontraditional Sensors ......................... 100
        3.3.6  Transition Metal Hexacyanoferrate Sensors ...... 101
   3.4  Conclusions ........................................... 102
   References ................................................. 102
4  Porphyrin-Based Nanocomposites for Biosensing .............. 111
   4.1  Introduction .......................................... 111
        4.1.1  Porphyrin: A Mimic of Enzymes .................. 111
        4.1.2  Significance of the Porphyrinic
               Nanocomposite .................................. 112
   4.2  Assembly of Porphyrins on Carbon-Based
        Nanomaterials ......................................... 112
        4.2.1  Carbon Nanotubes ............................... 113
        4.2.2  Optical and Electrochemical Biosensing ......... 117
        4.2.3  Carbon Nanohorns ............................... 119
        4.2.4  Graphene Sheets ................................ 120
   4.3  Assembly of Porphyrins on Semiconductor
        Nanoparticles ......................................... 122
        4.3.1  TiO2-Porphyrin Nanocomposite ................... 122
        4.3.2  Quantum Dots ................................... 129
        4.3.3  Fe3O4 Nanoparticles ............................ 131
   4.4  Assembly of Porphyrins on Metal Nanoparticles ......... 131
        4.4.1  Au Nanoparticles ............................... 131
        4.4.2  Ag Nanoparticles ............................... 134
        4.4.3  Pt Nanoparticles ............................... 135
   4.5  Other Nanomaterials ................................... 137
        4.5.1  Polymer Nanoparticles .......................... 137
        4.5.2  Silica Nanomaterials ........................... 138
        4.5.3  Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles ................ 140
   4.6  Conclusions ........................................... 141
   References ................................................. 142
5  Carbon Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites for Biosensing ....... 147
   5.1  Introduction .......................................... 147
   5.2  Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber ......................... 149
   5.3  Why Carbon Nanofiber? ................................. 151
   5.4  Carbon Nanofiber-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
        and Bioassays ......................................... 151
        5.4.1  Glucose Sensors ................................ 151
        5.4.2  Ethanol Sensors ................................ 154
        5.4.3  Acetylthiocholine Sensors ...................... 155
        5.4.4  Phenol Sensors ................................. 156
        5.4.5  Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors ...................... 157
        5.4.6  NADH Sensors ................................... 159
        5.4.7  Protein Electron Transfer (ET) ................. 160
        5.4.8  Immunosensors .................................. 162
        5.4.9  Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Array-
               Based Biosensors ............................... 162
   5.5  Conclusions ........................................... 166
   References ................................................. 167
6  Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Materials ................... 171
   6.1  Introduction .......................................... 171
   6.2  Why Are Proteins Immobilized? ......................... 172
   6.3  Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Materials .............. 173
        6.3.1  Factors Affecting Protein Immobilization ....... 173
        6.3.2  Methods for Protein Immobilization on
               Mesoporous Material ............................ 177
        6.3.3  Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Silica .......... 178
        6.3.4  Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Carbon .......... 185
        6.3.5  Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Metal Oxide ..... 191
        6.3.6  Biosensors Based on Mesoporous Hybrid
               Nanocomposite .................................. 192
   6.4  Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Gold ................... 196
        6.4.1  Enzyme Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Gold ..... 196
        6.4.2  DNA Biosensors Based on Nanoporous Gold ........ 198
        6.4.3  Escherichia coli Biosensors Based on
               Nanoporous Platinum-Coated Gold Nanoporous
               Film ........................................... 199
   6.5  Conclusions ........................................... 200
   References ................................................. 200
7  Electrochemical Biosensing Based on Carbon Nanotubes ....... 207
   7.1  Introduction .......................................... 207
        7.1.1  Structure of CNTs .............................. 207
        7.1.2  Advantages of CNT-Based Electrochemical
               Sensors ........................................ 208
   7.2  Functionalization Strategy of CNTs .................... 208
        7.2.1  Noncovalent Interaction ........................ 209
        7.2.2  Covalent Interaction ........................... 213
   7.3  Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based
        Sensors ............................................... 214
        7.3.1  Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
               Electron Microscopy ............................ 215
        7.3.2  Fourier Transform Infrared ..................... 215
        7.3.3  Atomic Force Microscopy ........................ 216
        7.3.4  Raman Spectrum ................................. 216
   7.4  Amplification of Signal Transduction .................. 218
   7.5  Electrochemical Biosensing Based on Functional CNTs ... 220
        7.5.1  Deoxyribonucleic Acid .......................... 220
        7.5.2  Antigen-Antibody ............................... 222
        7.5.3  Cells .......................................... 224
        7.5.4  Other Biomolecules ............................. 226
   7.6  SWCNT-Based Field-Effect Biosensing ................... 229
        7.6.1  Detection of Proteins by SWCNT-Field-Effect
               Transistor ..................................... 229
        7.6.2  Detection of Nucleic Acids by SWCNT-Field-
               Effect Transistor .............................. 231
   7.7  SWCNT Forest in Electrochemical Biosensing ............ 231
   7.8  Conclusions ........................................... 233
   References ................................................. 234
8  Biosensing with Nanoparticles as Electrogenerated
   Chemiluminescence Emitters ................................. 241
   8.1  Introduction .......................................... 241
   8.2  Principle of ECL from Nanoparticles ................... 242
        8.2.1  ECL Mechanism of NPs ........................... 242
        8.2.2  Generation Type for NP ECL ..................... 244
        8.2.3  Coreactant System for NP ECL ................... 247
   8.3  Biosensing Strategy and Corresponding Application ..... 251
        8.3.1  Direct Determination of Biochemical
               Coreactant ..................................... 252
        8.3.2  Improved ECL Performance for Higher
               Sensitivity .................................... 253
        8.3.3  Analyte-Inhibited (or -Enhanced) ECL
               Emission ....................................... 254
        8.3.4  Determination Based on Resonance Energy
               Transfer ....................................... 255
        8.3.5  Determination with Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction ... 255
        8.3.6  Immunoreactions or DNA Hybridization-Coupled
               Sensing ........................................ 257
   8.4  Conclusions ........................................... 260
   References ................................................. 260
9  Biosensing Applications of Molecularly р&К Imprinted
   Nanomaterials .............................................. 265
   9.1  Introduction .......................................... 265
   9.2  Molecular Imprinting Technology ....................... 268
        9.2.1  Noncovalent Approach ........................... 269
        9.2.2  Covalent Approach .............................. 270
        9.2.3  Other Approaches ............................... 271
   9.3  Types of MIP Materials ................................ 271
        9.3.1  Organic Materials .............................. 272
        9.3.2  Inorganic Materials ............................ 272
   9.4  Development of MIP Nanomaterials ...................... 273
        9.4.1  Limitation of Traditional MIPs ................. 273
        9.4.2  Exploration of Novel Molecular Imprinting
               Strategies ..................................... 274
        9.4.3  Attractiveness of MIP Nanomaterials ............ 275
   9.5  MIP-Based Biosensors .................................. 276
        9.5.1  Molecular Recognition of MIP-Based
               Biosensors ..................................... 276
        9.5.2  Interfacing the MIPs with a Transducer ......... 278
        9.5.3  Electrochemical Sensors ........................ 279
        9.5.4  Optical Sensors ................................ 282
        9.5.5  Mass-Sensitive Devices ......................... 288
   9.6  Conclusions ........................................... 294
   References ................................................. 294
10 Biosensors Based on Sol-Gel Nanoparticle Matrices .......... 305
   10.1 Introduction .......................................... 305
   10.2 Sol-Gel Chemistry ..................................... 306
        10.2.1 What Is Sol-Gel? ............................... 306
        10.2.2 The Sol-Gel Process ............................ 306
        10.2.3 Nanoparticles from the Sol-Gel Process ......... 309
   10.3 Biosensors Based on Sol-Gel Nanoparticle Matrices ..... 309
        10.3.1 Silica Nanoparticle for Biosensing ............. 310
        10.3.2 Sol-Gel-Derived Metal Oxide Nanoparticle ....... 316
        10.3.3 Sol-Gel Nanocomposite Matrix for Biosensing .... 319
   10.4 Conclusions ........................................... 326
   References ................................................. 326
11 Nanostructure for Nitric Oxide Electrochemical
   Sensing .................................................... 333
   11.1 Introduction .......................................... 333
   11.2 Nanostructure for Nitric Oxide Determination .......... 334
   11.3 Nanomaterials for Modification of NO Electrochemical
        Sensors ............................................... 336
   11.4 Conclusions ........................................... 344
   References ................................................. 345
12 Assembly of Nanostructures for Taste Sensing ............... 349
   12.1 Introduction .......................................... 349
   12.2 Nanoassembled Films for Taste Sensor Application ...... 350
        12.2.1 Nanoassembled Conducting Polymers for Taste
               Sensor Application ............................. 350
        12.2.2 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composite for an
               Impedimetric Electronic Tongue ................. 352
   12.3 Sensor Array Based on Gold Nanoparticle-Fluorophore
        Complexes ............................................. 352
        12.3.1 Detection of Proteins .......................... 353
        12.3.2 Detection of Bacteria and Mammalian Cells ...... 355
   12.4 Catalytic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Sensor and
        Sensor Array .......................................... 356
        12.4.1 Nanomaterial-Based Cataluminescence Sensors
               for Vapor Sensing .............................. 356
        12.4.2 Catalytic Nanomaterial-Based Optical
               Chemosensor Array for Recognition and
               Discrimination Odors ........................... 358
        12.4.3 Recognition of Organic Compounds in Aqueous
               Solutions by Chemiluminescence on Catalytic
               Nanoparticle Arrays ............................ 361
   12.5 Conclusions ........................................... 363
   References ................................................. 363
13 Nanostructured Biosensing for Detection of Insecticides .... 365
   13.1 Introduction .......................................... 365
        13.1.1 Conventional Strategies for Detection of
               Pesticides ..................................... 365
        13.1.2 Developments in Pesticide Biosensors ........... 366
   13.2 Enzymes Used in Pesticide Biosensors .................. 367
        13.2.1 ChE-ChO Bienzyme-Based Biosensors for
               Pesticides ..................................... 367
        13.2.2 AChE-Based Biosensors for Pesticides ........... 369
        13.2.3 OPH-Based Biosensors for Pesticides ............ 371
   13.3 Nanostructured Biosensor Design for Pesticide
        Analysis .............................................. 372
        13.3.1 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiosensor for
               Pesticides ..................................... 372
        13.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles as Transducer for
               Detection of Pesticide ......................... 375
        13.3.3 Quantum Dots as Transducers for Detection
               of Pesticides .................................. 376
   13.4 Pesticide Immunosensors ............................... 377
        13.4.1 Detection Methods for Pesticide
               Immunosensors .................................. 377
        13.4.2 Immunosensors for Pesticides ................... 378
   13.5 Nanotechnology for Biomonitoring of AChE Activity
        and Pesticides ........................................ 381
        13.5.1 Biomarkers of Organophosphate Pesticide
               Exposure ....................................... 381
        13.5.2 Biomonitoring of ChE Activity .................. 382
   13.6 Conclusions ........................................... 384
   References ................................................. 385
14 Carbohydrate Detection Using Nanostructured Biosensing ..... 393
   14.1 Introduction .......................................... 393
   14.2 Structural Depiction of Glycans ....................... 394
        14.2.1 Basic Structural Unit of Glycans ............... 394
        14.2.2 Glycoconjugate ................................. 394
        14.2.3 Major Classes of Glycoconjugates and
               Oligosaccharides ............................... 394
   14.3 Biological Roles of Glycans ........................... 396
   14.4 Difficulty in Studying Genetic Glycosylation
        Defects ............................................... 397
   14.5 Protein-Glycan Interactions ........................... 397
   14.6 Techniques Used to Identify a Carbohydrate and Its
        Derivates ............................................. 398
        14.6.1 General Considerations for Analyzing the
               Primary Structure of a Carbohydrate ............ 398
        14.6.2 Detection of Carbohydrates ..................... 399
        14.6.3 Linkage Analysis ............................... 400
   14.7 Nanotechnology ........................................ 402
        14.7.1 Analysis of Carbohydrates in Biological
               System with Nanostructure Device/Components .... 402
        14.7.2 Other Principles of Direct Carbohydrate
               Detection ...................................... 404
        14.7.3 Carbohydrate Components in Biosensors .......... 413
   14.8 Conclusions ........................................... 420
   References ................................................. 420
15 Nanomaterials for Immunosensors and Immunoassays ........... 425
   15.1 Introduction .......................................... 425
   15.2 Principle of Immunoassays and Immunosensors ........... 426
        15.2.1 Antigen, Antibody, and Their Recognition
               Reaction ....................................... 426
        15.2.2 Immunoassays and Immunosensors ................. 427
   15.3 Immunosensors Based on Biocompatible Nanomaterials .... 429
        15.3.1 Nanomaterials Used as Immobilization
               Substrates ..................................... 429
        15.3.2 Nanomaterials Used as Signal Tags .............. 436
        15.3.3 Nanomaterials Used as Probe Carriers ........... 444
   15.4 Conclusions ........................................... 447
   References ................................................. 448
16 Nanostructured Biosensing and Biochips for DNA Analysis .... 453
   16.1 Introduction .......................................... 453
   16.2 Nanostructures in DNA Biosensing ...................... 455
        16.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes for DNA Analysis .............. 455
        16.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles for DNA Analysis ........... 464
        16.2.3 Semiconductor Nanostructures for DNA
               Analysis ....................................... 467
   16.3 Nanostructures for DNA Biochips ....................... 471
        16.3.1 Optical Techniques for DNA Biochips ............ 471
        16.3.2 Electrochemical Methods for DNA Biochips ....... 474
   16.4 Conclusions ........................................... 475
   References ................................................. 479
17 Cytosensing and Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay by
   Assembly of Nanoparticles .................................. 485
   17.1 Introduction .......................................... 485
   17.2 Why Use Nanomaterials in Cytosensing? ................. 486
   17.3 Cytosensing by Assembly of Nanomaterials .............. 487
        17.3.1 Fluorescence Imaging by Assembly of
               Nanoparticles .................................. 488
        17.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging by Assembly of
               Magnetic Nanoparticles ......................... 499
        17.3.3 Cellular Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
               (SERS) Detection by Assembly of
               Nanoparticles .................................. 506
        17.3.4 Colorimetric Cytosensing by Assembly of
               Nanoparticles .................................. 511
        17.3.5 Electrochemical Cytosensing by Assembly of
               Nanomaterials .................................. 511
   17.4 Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay by Assembly of
        Nanoparticles ......................................... 517
        17.4.1 Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay Based on
               Nanomaterial Substrates ........................ 518
        17.4.2 Cell Surface Carbohydrate Assay Based on
               Nanoprobes ..................................... 520
   17.5 Conclusions ........................................... 527
   References ................................................. 528
18 Nanobiosensing for Clinical Diagnosis ...................... 535
   18.1 Introduction .......................................... 535
   18.2 Nanotechnologies in Biosensing ........................ 536
        18.2.1 Nanomaterials for Biological Detection ......... 536
        18.2.2 Nanofabrication ................................ 544
        18.2.3 Nanodevices .................................... 548
   18.3 Nanobiosensing for Clinical Diagnosis ................. 555
        18.3.1 Glucose Detection .............................. 555
        18.3.2 Disease Protein Biomarker Detection ............ 556
        18.3.3 DNA Detection .................................. 558
        18.3.4 Virus Detection ................................ 560
        18.3.5 Bacteria Detection ............................. 561
        18.3.6 Cancer Cell Detection .......................... 561
   18.4 Conclusions ........................................... 562
   References ................................................. 562

Index ......................................................... 569


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