Lloyd L. Handbook of industrial catalysts (New York, 2011). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
Навигация

Архив выставки новых поступлений | Отечественные поступления | Иностранные поступления | Сиглы
ОбложкаLloyd L. Handbook of industrial catalysts. - New York: Springer, 2011. - xxii, 490 p.: ill. (some col.). - (Fundamental and applied catalysis). - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.471-490. - ISBN 978-0-387-24682-6; ISSN 1574-0447
 

Место хранения: 031 | Институт катализа им. Г.К.Борескова CO РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents
 
Chapter 1
Industrial Catalysts
1.1  Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2  What is a Catalyst? ........................................ 5
     1.2.1  Activity ............................................ 6
     1.2.2  Selectivity and Yield ............................... 7
     1.2.3  Stability ........................................... 7
     1.2.4  Strength ............................................ 8
     1.3  Catalyst Production ................................... 8
     1.3.1  Precipitation ...................................... 12
     1.3.2  Impregnation ....................................... 13
     1.3.3  Other Production Methods ........................... 13
1.4  Catalyst Testing .......................................... 14
     1.4.1  Physical Tests ..................................... 14
     1.4.2  Chemical Composition ............................... 14
     1.4.3  Activity Testing ................................... 15
1.5  Catalyst Operation ........................................ 18
     1.5.1  Reactor Design ..................................... 18
     1.5.2  Catalytic Reactors ................................. 18
     1.5.3  Catalyst Operating Conditions ...................... 20
1.6  Conclusion ................................................ 21
     References ................................................ 22

Chapter 2
The First Catalysts
2.1  Sulfuric Acid ............................................. 23
     2.1.1   The Lead Chamber Process .......................... 24
             2.1.1.1   Chemistry of the Lead Chamber Process ... 26
             2.1.1.2  The Continuing Use of the Lead Chamber
                      Process .................................. 27
             2.1.1.3  Raw Material for Sulfuric Acid
                      Production ............................... 28
     2.1.2  Contact Process Development ........................ 29
     2.1.3  Modern Sulfuric Acid Processes ..................... 35
             2.1.3.1  Catalyst Preparation ..................... 36
             2.1.3.2  Sulfuric Acid Plant Design ............... 37
             2.1.3.3  Cesium-Promoted Catalysts ................ 38
             2.1.3.4  Sulfuric Acid Plant Operation ............ 39
             2.1.3.5  Improved Catalyst Shapes ................. 39
2.2  The Deacon Process ........................................ 39
     2.2.1  The Process ........................................ 40
     2.2.2  Operation .......................................... 40
     2.2.3  Catalyst Preparation ............................... 41
     2.2.4  Development ........................................ 41
2.3  Claus Sulfur Recovery Process ............................. 41
     2.3.1  The Claus Process .................................. 42
     2.3.2  Claus Plant Operation .............................. 42
     2.3.3  Claus Process Catalysts ............................ 45
     2.3.4  Catalyst Operation ................................. 46
2.4  Ammonia Synthesis ......................................... 48
     2.4.1  Sir William Crookes ................................ 49
     2.4.2  Development of the Ammonia Synthesis Process ....... 51
     2.4.3  Commercial Application of Ammonia Synthesis
            Catalysts .......................................... 52
     2.4.4  The Haber-Bosch Synthesis Reactor .................. 53
     2.4.5  Conclusions ........................................ 54
2.5  Coal Hydrogenation ........................................ 55
     2.5.1  The Bergius Process ................................ 55
     2.5.2  Commercial Development by I.G. Farben .............. 56
     2.5.3  Cooperation between I. G. Farben and Standard
            Oil ................................................ 56
     2.5.4  Commercial Developments by ICI ..................... 56
     2.5.5  International Cooperation .......................... 57
     2.5.6  Coal Hydrogenation Processes ....................... 57
             2.5.6.1  The I. G. Farben Process ................. 58
             2.5.6.2  The ICI Process .......................... 59
     2.5.7  Catalysts for Coal Hydrogenation ................... 60
     2.5.8  Creosote and Other Feeds ........................... 61
2.6  The Fischer-Tropsch Process ............................... 63
     2.6.1  Postwar Development of the Synthol Process by
            Sasol .............................................. 65
     2.6.2  The Importance of Gas-to-Liquids as Gasoline
            Prices Increase .................................... 68
     References ................................................ 69

Chapter 3
Hydrogenation Catalysts
3.1 The Development of Hydrogenation Catalysts ................. 73
     3.1.1  Sabatier and Senderens ............................. 73
     3.1.2  The First Industrial Application of Nickel
            Catalysts .......................................... 75
     3.1.3  Ipatieff and High-Pressure Hydrogenation of
            Liquids ............................................ 75
     3.1.4  Colloidal Platinum and Palladium Catalysts by
            Paal ............................................... 76
     3.1.5  Platinum and Palladium Black Catalysts by
            Willstatter ........................................ 76
     3.1.6  Adams' Platinum Oxide .............................. 78
     3.1.7  Raney Nickel Catalysts ............................. 78
     3.1.8  Nickel Oxide/Kieselguhr Catalysts .................. 80
     3.1.9  Nickel Oxide-Alumina Catalysts ..................... 83
     3.1.10 Copper Chromite Catalysts .......................... 85
     3.1.11 Copper Oxide/Zinc Oxide Catalysts .................. 86
3.2  Hydrogenation of Fats and Oils ............................ 89
     3.2.1  Process Development ................................ 89
     3.2.2  Oil Hydrogenation .................................. 90
     3.2.3  Fat Hardening Catalysts ............................ 91
     3.2.4  Catalyst Selectivity ............................... 93
     3.2.5  Feed Pretreatment .................................. 94
     3.2.6  Catalyst Operation ................................. 94
     3.2.7  Catalyst Poisons ................................... 96
3.3  Fatty Acid Hydrogenation .................................. 96
3.4  The Production of Fatty Alcohols .......................... 97
     3.4.1  Natural Fatty Alcohols ............................. 97
     3.4.2  Catalyst Operation ................................. 98
     3.4.3  Reaction of Fatty Alcohols ......................... 98
3.5  Some Industrial Hydrogenation Processes ................... 99
     3.5.1  Nitrobenzene Reduction ............................. 99
     3.5.2  Benzene Hydrogenation ............................. 100
            3.5.2.1  Removal of Aromatics ..................... 101
     3.5.3  Hydrogenation of Phenol ........................... 101
3.6  Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Dienes ......... 102
     3.6.1  Acetylene Hydrogenation Process Design ............ 104
     3.6.2  Early Acetylene Hydrogenation Catalysts ........... 105
            3.6.2.1  Sulfided Cobalt Molybdate ................ 105
            3.6.2.2  Sulfided Nickel Oxide .................... 105
            3.6.2.3  Fused Iron Oxide ......................... 106
            3.6.2.4  Palladium Catalyst Guard Beds ............ 106
     3.6.3  Modern Acetylene Hydrogenation Catalysts .......... 106
     3.6.4  Acetylene Hydrogenation Catalyst Preparation ...... 107
     3.6.5  Acetylene Hydrogenation Catalyst Operation ........ 107
            3.6.5.1  Tail-End Acetylene Hydrogenation ......... 107
            3.6.5.2  Tail-End Methyl Acetylene/Propadiene
                     Hydrogenation ............................ 109
            3.6.5.3  Front-End Acetylene Hydrogenation ........ 110
     3.6.6  Selective Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Gasoline ..... 112
            3.6.6.1  Catalyst Types ........................... 113
            3.6.6.2  Catalyst Operation ....................... 114
     References ............................................... 115

Chapter 4
Oxidation Catalysts
4.1  Nitric Acid .............................................. 120
     4.1.1  The Ammonia Oxidation Process ..................... 124
     4.1.2  Catalyst Operation ................................ 128
     4.1.3  Platinum Recovery ................................. 130
4.2  Formaldehyde ............................................. 131
     4.2.1  Silver Catalyst Operation ......................... 136
     4.2.2  Mixed Oxide Catalyst Operation .................... 136
4.3  Andrussov Synthesis of Hydrogen Cyanide .................. 137
4.4  Hopcalite Catalysts For Carbon Monoxide Oxidation ........ 139
4.5  Phthalic Anhydride ....................................... 140
     4.5.1  Naphthalene Oxidation ............................. 141
     4.5.2  Orthoxylene Oxidation ............................. 142
4.6  Maleic Anhydride ......................................... 144
     4.6.1  Benzene Feedstock ................................. 144
     4.6.2  n-Butene Feedstock ................................ 144
     4.6.3  n-Butane Feedstock ................................ 148
     4.6.4  n-Butane Oxidation in a Circulating Fluidized
            Bed ............................................... 149
4.7  Ethylene Oxide ........................................... 150
     4.7.1  Catalyst .......................................... 152
     4.7.2  Operation and Reaction Mechanism .................. 153
     4.7.3  Applications of Ethylene Oxide .................... 154
4.8  A Redox Oxidation Mechanism: Mars and Van Krevelen ....... 155
4.9  Acrolein and Acrylonitrile ............................... 156
     4.9.1  Manufacture of Mixed Oxide Catalysts for
            Acrolein and Acrylonitrile ........................ 157
     4.9.2  The Acrylonitrile Process ......................... 158
     4.9.3  Reaction Mechanism ................................ 159
     4.9.4  Partial Oxidation of Propane ...................... 161
     4.9.5  Acrylic Acid ...................................... 161
     4.9.6  Oxidation of Isobutene ............................ 162
4.10 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n-Butenes to Butadiene ...... 162
     References ............................................... 163

Chapter 5
Catalytic Cracking Catalysts
5.1  Introduction ............................................. 169
5.2  Process Development ...................................... 170
     5.2.1  Fixed Beds ........................................ 170
     5.2.2  Moving and Fluidized Beds ......................... 171
     5.2.3  Catalyst Regeneration and Carbon Monoxide
            Combustion ........................................ 175
            5.2.3.1  Catalyst Regeneration .................... 175
            5.2.3.2  Carbon Monoxide Combustion Promoter ...... 176
     5.2.4  Equilibrium Catalyst .............................. 177
     5.2.5  Reaction Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking
            Reactions ......................................... 178
5.3  Catalyst Development ..................................... 180
     5.3.1  Natural Clay Catalysts ............................ 181
     5.3.2  Synthetic Silica Alumina Catalysts ................ 182
     5.3.3  Preparation of Synthetic Catalysts ................ 182
5.4  Zeolite Catalysts ........................................ 184
     5.4.1  Commercial Zeolites ............................... 185
     5.4.2  Production of Zeolites ............................ 188
     5.4.3  Formation of Active Sites by Ion Exchange ......... 189
     5.4.4  Use of Zeolites in Catalytic Cracking ............. 190
     5.4.5  The Catalyst Matrix ............................... 191
5.5  Octane Catalysts (Catalysts to Increase Octane Rating) ... 192
     5.5.1  Hydrothermal Dealumination ofY-Zeolites ........... 193
     5.5.2  Chemical Dealumination of Y-Zeolites .............. 195
     5.5.3  Increasing Octane Number .......................... 196
     5.5.4  Shape Selective Cracking .......................... 197
5.6  Residue Cracking Catalysts ............................... 198
     5.6.1  Residual Feeds .................................... 198
     5.6.2  Residue Catalyst Formulation ...................... 199
     5.6.3  Coke Formation .................................... 199
5.7  Residue Catalyst Additives ............................... 201
     5.7.1  Nickel Additives .................................. 201
     5.7.2  Vanadium Additives ................................ 202
     5.7.3  Sulfur Oxides Transfer Additives .................. 203
     5.7.4  Bottoms Cracking Additive ......................... 206
5.8  Reformulated Gasoline .................................... 206
     References ............................................... 209

Chapter 6
Refinery Catalysts
6.1  The Development of Catalytic Refinery Processes .......... 211
6.2  Polymer Gasoline ......................................... 213
6.3  Alkylation ............................................... 217
     6.3.1  Liquid Acid Processes ............................. 219
     6.3.2  The Mechanism of Alkylation with an Acid
            Catalyst .......................................... 219
     6.3.3  Liquid Acid Operating Conditions .................. 220
     6.3.4  Processes Using Solid-State Acid Catalysts ........ 221
6.4  Hydrotreating ............................................ 221
     6.4.1  What Is Hydrotreating? ............................ 223
     6.4.2  Hydrotreating Processes ........................... 223
            6.4.2.1  Catalyst Production and Operation ........ 224
            6.4.2.2  Catalyst Handling ........................ 225
            6.4.2.3  Activating the Catalyst .................. 227
            6.4.2.4  Catalyst Operation ....................... 229
            6.4.2.5  Catalyst Regeneration .................... 229
6.5  Hydrocracking ............................................ 231
     6.5.1  Hydrocracking Processes ........................... 232
            6.5.1.1  Single-Stage Processes ................... 233
            6.5.1.2  Two-Stage Processes ...................... 234
            6.5.1.3  Once-Through Process ..................... 234
     6.5.2  Hydrocracking Catalysts ........................... 235
            6.5.2.1  Acid Supports ............................ 235
            6.5.2.2  Hydrogenation Catalysts .................. 236
            6.5.2.3  Catalyst Preparation ..................... 236
            6.5.2.4  Catalyst Activity ........................ 237
            6.5.2.5  Catalyst Reactivation .................... 237
6.6  Catalytic Reforming ...................................... 238
     6.6.1  Naphtha Reforming Reactions ....................... 240
            6.6.1.1  Reformer Operation ....................... 240
            6.6.1.2  Coke Formation ........................... 246
     6.6.2  Reforming Catalysts ............................... 247
            6.6.2.1  Bimetallic Catalysts ..................... 248
            6.6.2.2  Catalyst Preparation ..................... 250
     6.6.3  Catalyst Regeneration ............................. 251
            6.6.3.1  Carbon Burn .............................. 252
            6.6.3.2  Oxychlorination .......................... 252
            6.6.3.3  Platinum Re-Dispersal .................... 252
            6.6.3.4  Catalyst Reduction ....................... 253
     6.6.4  Catalyst Life ..................................... 253
6.7  Octane Boosting .......................................... 253
     6.7.1  Selectoforming .................................... 253
     6.7.2  M-Forming ......................................... 254
6.8  Aromatics Production ..................................... 254
     6.8.1  Aromatics Process ................................. 254
     6.8.2  Cyclar Process .................................... 255
     6.8.3  M2-Forming Process ................................ 255
6.9  Catalytic Dewaxing ....................................... 255
6.10 Isomerization ............................................ 256
     6.10.1  Isomerization Catalysts .......................... 256
     6.10.2  Reaction Mechanism ............................... 257
     References ............................................... 258

Chapter 7
Petrochemical Catalysts
7.1  The Development of Petrochemicals ........................ 261
     7.1.1  Isopropyl Alcohol ................................. 265
            7.1.1.1  Acetone .................................. 265
            7.1.1.2  Bisphenol-A .............................. 266
            7.1.1.3  Cumene ................................... 266
     7.1.2  Vinyl Chloride .................................... 267
            7.1.2.1  The Oxychlorination Reaction ............. 270
            7.1.2.2  Oxychlorination Catalyst ................. 270
            7.1.2.3  Catalyst Operation ....................... 271
7.2  Synthetic Rubber From Butadiene and Styrene .............. 273
     7.2.1  Butadiene from Butane ............................. 275
     7.2.2  Butadiene from Butenes ............................ 275
            7.2.2.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation ................. 277
     7.2.3  Propylene from Propane ............................ 277
     7.2.4  Styrene ........................................... 278
            7.2.4.1  Ethylbenzene Production .................. 279
            7.2.4.2  Styrene Production after 1950 ............ 281
            7.2.4.3  Styrene Plant Operation .................. 282
            7.2.4.4  Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation (Styrene)
                     Catalysts ................................ 283
7.3  Synthetic Fibers ......................................... 283
     7.3.1  Nylon 66 .......................................... 284
            7.3.1.1  Production of Nylon Intermediates ........ 285
            7.3.1.2  Adipic Acid .............................. 285
            7.3.1.3  Hexamethylenediamine ..................... 286
            7.3.1.4  Nylon Polymer ............................ 288
     7.3.2  Nylon 6 ........................................... 289
            7.3.2.1  Caprolactam .............................. 289
            7.3.2.2  Cyclohexanone ............................ 290
            7.3.2.3  Cyclohexanone Oxime ...................... 290
            7.3.2.4  Snia-Viscosa Process ..................... 291
            7.3.2.5  Conversion of Cyclohexanone Oxime to
                     Caprolactam .............................. 291
            7.3.2.6  Caprolactam from Butadiene ............... 292
     7.3.3  Polyesters ........................................ 292
            7.3.3.1  Paraxylene ............................... 293
            7.3.3.2  Terephthalic Acid ........................ 294
            7.3.3.3  Alternative Routes for Terephthalic
                     Acid Production .......................... 296
            7.3.3.4  Use of Polyesters ........................ 296
7.4  Hydroformylation and Carbonylation ....................... 297
     7.4.1  Cobalt Carbonyl Catalysts ......................... 297
     7.4.2  Phosphine Modified Catalysts ...................... 298
     7.4.3  Low-Pressure Hydroformylation ..................... 300
     7.4.4  Commercial Operation .............................. 301
     7.4.5  Acetic Acid ....................................... 301
     7.4.6  Acetaldehyde ...................................... 303
7.5  Metathesis of Olefins .................................... 304
     7.5.1  Process Development ............................... 304
     7.5.2  The Shell Higher-Olefms Process ................... 305
     References ............................................... 306

Chapter 8
Olefin Polymerization Catalysts
8.1  Low-Pressure Polyethylene ................................ 312
     8.1.1  Polyethylene Process Development .................. 313
     8.1.2  The Development of Polypropylene Catalysts ........ 314
8.2  Ziegler-Natta Catalysts .................................. 314
     8.2.1  Early Polyolefin Catalysts ........................ 314
     8.2.2  Ziegler's Brown Titanium Trichloride .............. 315
     8.2.3  Natta's Violet Titanium Trichloride ............... 316
     8.2.4  Second-Generation Propylene Polymerization
            Catalysts ......................................... 317
     8.2.5  Supported Polyethylene Catalysts .................. 319
     8.2.6  Supported Polypropylene Catalysts ................. 320
            8.2.6.1  Third-Generation Catalysts ............... 320
            8.2.6.2  Fourth-Generation Catalysts .............. 321
8.3  Phillips Polyethylene Catalysts .......................... 322
     8.3.1  Catalyst Production ............................... 323
     8.3.2  Catalyst Reduction ................................ 324
     8.3.4  Catalyst Operation ................................ 324
     8.3.5  Catalyst Modifiers ................................ 325
            8.3.5.1  Titanium ................................. 326
            8.3.5.2  Alumina and Zirconia ..................... 327
            8.3.5.3  Fluorides ................................ 327
     8.3.6  Use of Co-catalysts ............................... 327
     8.3.7  Organo-chromium Catalysts ......................... 328
8.4  Other Catalysts .......................................... 329
8.5  Polymerization Processes ................................. 329
     8.5.1  Slurry Processes .................................. 332
     8.5.2  Solution Processes ................................ 332
     8.5.3  Gas Phase Process ................................. 333
8.6  Metallocene/Single-Site Catalysts ........................ 334
     8.6.1  Early Development ................................. 335
     8.6.2  Early Development ................................. 336
     8.6.3  Industrial Operation .............................. 338
     8.6.4  Catalyst Activators ............................... 338
     8.6.5  Molecular Weight Control .......................... 339
     8.6.7  New Catalyst Developments ......................... 340
8.7  The Molecular Structure of Polyolefins ................... 341
     8.7.1  Formation of Polymer Chains ....................... 341
     8.7.2  Polymer Chain Termination ......................... 342
     8.7.3  Molecular Weight .................................. 344
     References ............................................... 345

Chapter 9
Synthesis Gas
9.1  Ammonia Synthesis Gas .................................... 352
     9.1.1  Process Developments .............................. 353
     9.1.2  Increased Ammonia Production by Steam Reforming ... 354
9.2  Modern Ammonia Plants .................................... 355
9.3  Feedstock Purification ................................... 357
     9.3.1  Activated Carbon .................................. 358
     9.3.2  Hydrodesulfurization .............................. 358
     9.3.3  Chlorine Removal .................................. 360
     9.3.4  Sulfur Absorption ................................. 360
            9.3.4.1  Operation with Zinc Oxide ................ 361
            9.3.4.2  Preparation of Zinc Oxide ................ 363
            9.3.4.3  Desulfurization of Other Gases ........... 363
9.4  Steam Reforming .......................................... 363
     9.4.1  Reformer Design ................................... 365
     9.4.2  Reforming Catalysts ............................... 369
     9.4.3  Reformer Operation ................................ 371
     9.4.4  Secondary Reforming ............................... 374
9.5  Carbon Monoxide Removal .................................. 375
     9.5.1  High Temperature Carbon Monoxide Conversion ....... 376
     9.5.2  High Temperature Conversion Catalysts ............. 377
     9.5.2.1   Operating Conditions ........................... 378
     9.5.3  Low Temperature Carbon Monoxide Conversion ........ 379
            9.5.3.1  Operation ................................ 381
            9.5.3.2  Catalyst ................................. 384
9.6  Methanation .............................................. 385
     9.6.1  Operation ......................................... 386
     9.6.2  Catalyst .......................................... 387
     9.6.3  Other Methanation Processes ....................... 388
9.7  Other Applications of Steam Reforming .................... 389
     9.7.1  Methanol Synthesis Gas ............................ 389
     9.7.2  OXO Synthesis Gas ................................. 390
     9.7.3  Hydrogen Production ............................... 390
     9.7.4  Reducing Gas ...................................... 391
     9.7.5  Town Gas Production ............................... 391
     9.7.6  Substitute Natural Gas ............................ 392
     9.7.7  Autothermal Reforming ............................. 393
     References ............................................... 395

Chapter 10
Ammonia and Methanol Synthesis
10.1 Ammonia Synthesis ........................................ 397
     10.1.1  Process Development from 1920 .................... 399
            10.1.1.1 Haber-Bosch Process ...................... 399
            10.1.1.2 Claude Process ........................... 400
            10.1.1.3 Casale Process ........................... 401
            10.1.1.4 United States of America ................. 402
            10.1.1.5 Mont Cenis/Uhde Process .................. 403
            10.1.1.6 United Kingdom ........................... 403
     10.1.2  Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts ...................... 405
            10.1.2.1 Catalyst Production ...................... 405
            10.1.2.2 Pre-reduced Catalysts .................... 407
            10.1.2.3 Loading Catalyst to Converter ............ 408
            10.1.2.4 Catalyst Discharge from the Converter .... 409
     10.1.3 Catalyst Reduction ................................ 409
            10.1.3.1 Reduction of Oxidized Catalyst ........... 409
            10.1.3.2 Reduction of Pre-reduced Catalyst ........ 410
            10.1.3.3 Mechanism of Catalyst Reduction .......... 410
     10.1.4 The Ammonia Synthesis Process ..................... 412
            10.1.4.1 The Ammonia Synthesis Loop ............... 412
            10.1.4.2 Converter Design ......................... 414
     10.1.5 New Catalyst Developments ......................... 417
            10.1.5.1 Magnetite Catalyst Containing Cobalt ..... 418
            10.1.5.2 Ruthenium Catalyst ....................... 419
            10.1.5.3 Catalyst Preparation ..................... 419
            10.1.5.4 Full-scale Operation with Ruthenium
                     Catalyst ................................. 420
10.2 Methanol Synthesis ....................................... 421
     10.2.1 High-pressure Synthesis ........................... 421
            10.2.1.1 Zinc Oxide-Chromium Oxide Catalysts ...... 421
            10.2.1.2 High-Pressure Operation .................. 423
     10.2.2  Low-pressure Synthesis ........................... 425
            10.2.2.1 Copper Oxide Catalysts ................... 426
            10.2.2.2 Copper Catalyst Production ............... 426
            10.2.2.3 Precipitates Forming During Production ... 430
            10.2.2.4 Operation with Copper Catalysts .......... 431
            10.2.2.5 Reaction Mechanism with Copper
                     Catalysts ................................ 432
            10.2.2.6 Selectivity .............................. 432
            10.2.2.7 Low-pressure Methanol Reactor Types ...... 433
            10.2.2.8 Catalyst Reduction ....................... 433
     10.3 Novel Catalysts ..................................... 434
     References ............................................... 435

Chapter 11
Environmental Catalysts
11.1 Stationary Sources ....................................... 441
     11.1.1 Selective Catalytic Reduction ..................... 443
     11.1.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts ........... 445
            11.1.2.1 Catalyst Composition ..................... 446
            11.1.2.2 Catalyst Operation ....................... 447
            11.1.2.3 Reaction Mechanism ....................... 447
            11.1.2.4 Removal of Sulfur Dioxide as Sulfuric
                     Acid ..................................... 448
     11.1.3  Gas Turbine Exhausts ............................. 449
            11.1.3.1 Low Temperature Vanadium Pentoxide
                     Catalysts ................................ 449
            11.1.3.2 Catalytic Combustion Processes ........... 449
     11.1.4 Nitric Acid Plant Exhaust Gas ..................... 450
     11.1.5 Ion-exchanged ZSM-5 Zeolites ...................... 451
11.2 Mobile Sources ........................................... 452
     11.2.1 Automobile Emission Control ....................... 452
     11.2.2 Automobile Emission Control Catalysts ............. 455
            11.2.2.1 Bead Catalysts ........................... 456
            11.2.2.2 Monolith Catalysts ....................... 456
            11.2.2.3 Washcoat Composition ..................... 457
            11.2.2.4 Platinum Group Metal Catalysts ........... 458
            11.2.2.5 Catalyst Poisons ......................... 459
     11.2.3 Platinum Metal Group Availability ................. 460
     11.2.4 Catalyst Operation ................................ 460
     11.2.5 Nitrogen Oxide Removal in Lean-Burn Engines ....... 463
     11.2.6 Diesel Engines .................................... 464
11.3 Volatile Organic Compounds ............................... 465
     11.3.1 VOC Removal Processes ............................. 466
     11.3.2 VOC Oxidation Catalysts ........................... 468
     Reference ................................................ 469

Index ......................................................... 471


Архив выставки новых поступлений | Отечественные поступления | Иностранные поступления | Сиглы
 

[О библиотеке | Академгородок | Новости | Выставки | Ресурсы | Библиография | Партнеры | ИнфоЛоция | Поиск]
  Пожелания и письма: branch@gpntbsib.ru
© 1997-2024 Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН (Новосибирск)
Статистика доступов: архив | текущая статистика
 

Документ изменен: Wed Feb 27 14:24:06 2019. Размер: 34,414 bytes.
Посещение N 1640 c 23.10.2012