Preface ........................................................ xi
Acknowledgments .............................................. xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy ................ 1
I Terms and Definitions ...................................... 1
II The Properties of Light .................................... 2
III What Is an Infrared Spectrum? .............................. 5
IV What Are Infrared Spectra Used For? ........................ 8
V The Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared
Spectroscopy ............................................... 8
VI The Advantages and Disadvantages of FTIR .................. 12
A The Advantages of FTIRs ................................ 12
B The Disadvantage of FTIR ............................... 16
VII FTIR: The Rest of the Story ............................... 16
References ..................................................... 17
Chapter 2 How an FTIR Works ................................... 19
I Interferometers and Interferograms ........................ 19
A. How Many Scans Should Be Used? ......................... 28
II How an Interferogram Becomes a Spectrum ................... 30
A. Scanning Advice ........................................ 34
III Instrumental Resolution ................................... 36
A. What Determines Resolution in an FTIR Scan? ............ 37
B. What Resolution Should Be Used? ........................ 39
IV FTIR Trading Rules ........................................ 40
V FTIR Hardware ............................................. 41
A Interferometers ........................................ 41
B Infrared Sources ....................................... 42
C Beamsplitters .......................................... 43
D Infrared Detectors ..................................... 44
E The Laser .............................................. 47
VI Testing Instrument Quality and Troubleshooting ............ 49
References ..................................................... 53
Chapter 3 Proper Use of Spectral Processing ................... 55
I The Rules of Spectral Processing .......................... 55
II Spectral Subtraction ...................................... 56
A. Subtraction Artifacts .................................. 60
III Baseline Correction ....................................... 62
IV Smoothing ................................................. 66
V Spectral Derivatives ...................................... 69
VI Deconvolution ............................................. 72
A. Guidance, Precautions, and Limitations ................. 74
VII Spectral Library Searching ................................ 76
A The Search Process ..................................... 78
B Interpreting Library Search Results .................... 81
VIII Analysis of Mixtures: Subtract and Search Again ........... 83
References ................................................ 85
Chapter 4 Preparing Samples Properly .......................... 87
I Transmission Sampling Overview ............................ 87
A. Windows, Cells, and Materials for Transmission
Analysis ............................................... 89
II Transmission Analysis of Solids and Powders ............... 90
A KBr Pellets ............................................ 90
1 Mechanical Grinding ................................. 92
2 Advantages and Disadvantages of KBr Pellets ......... 93
B Mulls .................................................. 94
1 The Split Mull Method ............................... 96
III Transmission Analysis of Polymers ........................ 100
A The Cast Film Method .................................. 100
B The Heat and Pressure Method .......................... 102
IV Transmission Analysis of Liquids ......................... 106
A Capillary Thin Films .................................. 106
B Sealed Liquid Cells ................................... 109
V Transmission Analysis of Gases and Vapors ................ 113
VI Reflectance Analysis ..................................... 119
A Different Types of Reflectance ........................ 119
B Advantages and Disadvantages of Reflectance
Sampling .............................................. 121
VII Specular Reflectance ..................................... 122
VIII Diffuse Reflectance (DRIFTS) ............................. 124
A Abrasive Sampling ..................................... 127
IX Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) ....................... 129
A Depth of Penetration .................................. 131
X Applications of ATR ...................................... 138
A Liquids ............................................... 138
B Semi-Solids ........................................... 139
C Polymers .............................................. 140
D Powders ............................................... 141
XI ATR: Advantages and Disadvantages ........................ 144
XII FTIR Sample Preparation: Overview and Recommendations .... 145
References .................................................... 146
Chapter 5 Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy ................. 147
I Terms and Definitions .................................... 147
II Beer's Law ............................................... 148
III Calibration and Prediction with Beer's Law ............... 150
A Calibration ........................................... 150
B Prediction ............................................ 152
C An Experimental Protocol for Single Component
Analyses .............................................. 153
1 Analyzing for a Single Analyte ..................... 153
IV Measuring Absorbances Properly ........................... 154
A Peak Areas versus Peak Heights ........................ 154
B Dealing with Overlapped Peaks ......................... 156
V Avoiding Experimental Errors ............................. 157
References .................................................... 159
Chapter 6 Infrared Microscopy ................................ 161
I Hyphenated Infrared Techniques ........................... 161
II Infrared Microscopy Instrumentation ...................... 161
III Sample Preparation ....................................... 165
IV Applications ............................................. 170
V Infrared Mapping and Imaging ............................. 171
References .................................................... 174
Glossary ...................................................... 175
Index ......................................................... 183
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