List of figures ............................................. xv
Acknowledgments ........................................... xvii
Note on transliteration .................................... xix
Introduction .................................................... 1
The Gaṇḍavyūha and the religious world of the Śailendras .... 7
Rhetoric, ritual, and commemoration in monumental
architecture ................................................ 12
Memory and vision in the upper galleries of Borobudur ....... 15
Chapter outlines ............................................ 18
1 Borobudur: monumental mandala and bodhisattva path .......... 21
Borobudur as a representation of the path ................... 22
Theories of Borobudur as a mandala .......................... 30
The mandala principle and the prologue of the Gaṇḍavyūha .... 35
Mandala and path: meeting the embodied teaching ............. 42
2 Carving out time: the narrative relief panels ............... 48
Narrative art and temporality ............................... 49
Narrative art and the life of the Buddha on Borobudur ....... 52
Narrative art and the previous lives of the Buddha on
Borobudur ................................................... 56
The problem with time ....................................... 58
Picturing the Nirmāṇakāya ................................... 61
Narrative art, ritual, and commemoration .................... 66
3 Piecing together space: the panorama of the purified
field ....................................................... 74
The word-by-word method of picturing the Gaṇḍavyūha ......... 76
The purified field and the body of communal enjoyment ....... 82
Images of the purified field on Borobudur ................... 90
Panoramic art, ritual space, and buddhānusmṛti as
meditative craft ............................................ 98
4 Pervading space: bodhisattva activity in the cosmic
panorama ................................................... 109
Compassionate multilocation: the manifestations of
Maitreya ................................................... 110
Devotional multilocation: the offerings of Samantabhadra ... 119
Serlingpa, Atiśa, and the cosmic sequence for giving and
taking meditation .......................................... 130
The cosmic sequence and the upper galleries ................ 135
Ritual circumambulation and the transition from giving to
offering ................................................... 139
5 To emptiness and back: the transformative work of the
terraces ................................................... 147
The cosmic Buddhas of the terraces ......................... 149
"Seeing " emptiness: the dharmakāya and the limits of
vision ..................................................... 153
Wisdom and generosity: ritual practice on the terraces ..... 162
The descent of the bodhisattva: the stairs ................. 164
The Borobudur mandala reconsidered ......................... 168
Conclusion: visual rhetoric and ceremonial diplomacy at
Borobudur .................................................. 172
Notes ...................................................... 180
Bibliography ............................................... 207
Index ...................................................... 218
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