Contributing Authors ........................................ xi
Preface ..................................................... xv
1 Introduction ................................................. I
Yingxin Zhou and Jian Zhao
1.1 Scope of rock dynamics .................................. 1
1.2 ISRM Commission on Rock Dynamics ........................ 3
1.3 About this book ......................................... 4
References ................................................... 4
2 An overview of some recent progress in rock dynamics
research ..................................................... 5
Jian Zhao
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 5
2.2 Stress wave propagation and attenuation ................. 5
2.3 Loading rate effects on rock strength .................. 13
2.4 Numerical modelling of rock dynamic fracturing ......... 18
2.5 Prospects of rock dynamics research .................... 22
References .................................................. 24
3 Split Hopkinson pressure bar tests of rocks: Advances in
experimental techniques and applications to rock strength
and fracture ................................................ 35
Kaiwen Xia, Feng Dai and Rong Chen
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 35
3.2 Principles of split Hopkinson pressure bar and new
techniques ............................................. 36
3.3 Dynamic compressive test ............................... 41
3.4 Dynamic Brazilian disc test ............................ 47
3.5 Dynamic fracture test .................................. 54
3.6 Conclusions ............................................ 73
References .................................................. 74
4 Modified Hopkinson bar technologies applied to the high
strain rate rock tests ...................................... 79
Ezio Cadoni and Carlo Albertini
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 79
4.2 Principles and functioning of the JRC-MHB with quasi-
statically pre-stressed loading bar .................... 82
4.3 Tensile and compressive impact tests of plain
concrete with the JRC-MHB .............................. 85
4.4 Laboratory measurements of rocks under static
multiaxial compression ................................. 97
4.5 Conclusions ........................................... 103
References ................................................. 103
5 Wave shaping by special shaped striker in SHPB tests ....... 105
Xibing Li, Zilong Zhou, Deshun Liu, Yang Zou and Tubing
Yin
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 105
5.2 Advantage of half-sine wave for large diameter SHPB
tests ................................................. 106
5.3 Generating half-sine waves by special shaped
strikers .............................................. 109
5.4 SHPB tests with special shaped striker ................ 113
5.5 Dynamic characteristics of rock obtained from SHPB
with special shaped striker ........................... 118
5.6 Conclusions ........................................... 122
References ................................................. 122
6 Laboratory compressive and tensile testing of rock
dynamic properties ......................................... 125
Haibo Li, Junru Li and Jian Zhao
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 125
6.2 Dynamic compression tests for rock material ........... 126
6.3 Dynamic tension tests for rock material ............... 134
6.4 Summary ............................................... 141
References ................................................. 141
7 Penetration and perforation of rock targets by hard
projectiles ................................................ 143
Chong Chiang Seah, Tore Børvik, Svein Remseth and Tso-
Chien Pan
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 143
7.2 Terminology ........................................... 144
7.3 Existing methods of analysis and prediction ........... 145
7.4 Penetration and perforation of granite target
plates ................................................ 149
7.5 Results and discussions ............................... 158
7.6 Concluding remarks .................................... 159
References ................................................. 160
8 Incubation time based fracture mechanics and optimization
of energy input in the fracture process of rocks ........... 163
Yuri Petrov, Vladimir Bratov, Grigory Volkov and Evgeny
Dolmatov
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 163
8.2 Modeling interaction of the wave coming from
infinity with the crack ............................... 164
8.3 The case of a load applied at the crack faces ......... 170
8.4 Conclusions ........................................... 181
References ................................................. 182
9 Discontinuous approaches of wave propagation across rock
joints ..................................................... 185
Xiaobao Zhao, Jianbo Zhu, Jungang Cai and Jian Zhao
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 185
9.2 Method of characteristics for one-dimensional P-wave
propagation across jointed rock masses ................ 187
9.3 Parametric studies on wave attenuation across
parallel joints ....................................... 193
9.4 Effects of single joint and parallel joints on wave
transmission .......................................... 197
9.5 Outlooks .............................................. 201
References ................................................. 204
10 Equivalent Medium Model with Virtual Wave Source Method
for wave propagation analysis in jointed rock masses ....... 207
Jianchun Li, Guowei Ma and Jian Zhao
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 207
10.2 Conventional effective elastic moduli methods ......... 208
10.3 Equivalent viscoelastic medium model for rock mass
with parallel joints .................................. 209
10.4 Determination of the parameters ....................... 213
10.5 Verifications of EMM with Virtual Wave Source
Method ................................................ 217
10.6 Applications and outlooks ............................. 224
10.7 Summary ............................................... 228
References ................................................. 228
11 Polycrystalline model for heterogeneous rock based on
smoothed particle hydrodynamics method ..................... 231
Guowei Ma, Xuejun Wang and Lei He
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 231
11.2 Smoothing particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method ......... 232
11.3 Artificial microstructure for multiphase materials .... 234
11.4 Elasto-plastic damage model ........................... 236
11.5 Numerical simulations ................................. 241
11.6 Simulations of the uniaxial compression tests ......... 243
11.7 Conclusions ........................................... 249
References ................................................. 250
12 Finite Element Method modeling of rock dynamic failure ..... 253
Chun'an Tang and Yuefeng Yang
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 253
12.2 RFPA dynamic modeling approach ........................ 254
12.3 Transient wave propagation in infinite medium ......... 259
12.4 Dynamic contact problem ............................... 263
12.5 Influence of stress wave amplitude on rock
fracturing process and failure pattern in the
Brazilian tensile tests ............................... 279
12.6 Summary ............................................... 287
References ................................................. 288
13 Discontinuum-based numerical modeling of rock dynamic
fracturing and failure ..................................... 291
Tohid Kazerani and Jian Zhao
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 291
13.2 Discrete Element Method ............................... 292
13.3 Cohesive Fragment Model ............................... 294
13.4 Simulation of compressive and tensile response of
rock materials ........................................ 298
13.5 Simulation of dynamic fracture response of rock
materials ............................................. 303
13.6 Conclusions ........................................... 314
References ................................................. 315
14 Manifold and advanced numerical techniques for
discontinuous dynamic computations ......................... 321
Gaofeng Zhao, Gen-Hua Shi and Jian Zhao
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 321
14.2 Numerical Manifold Method (NMM) ....................... 321
14.3 extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) ................. 324
14.4 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) ................. 326
14.5 FEM/DEM Method ........................................ 329
14.6 Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM) ................... 331
14.7 Multi-scale Distinct Lattice Spring Model (m-DLSM) .... 334
14.8 Conclusions ........................................... 341
References ................................................. 341
15 Earthquakes as a rock dynamic problem and their effects
on rock engineering structures ............................. 345
Ömer Aydan, Yoshimi Ohta, Mitsuo Daido, Halil Kumsar,
Melih Geniş, Naohiko Tokashiki, Takashi Ito and Mehdi Amini
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 345
15.2 Multi-parameter responses of rocks during fracturing
and slippage of discontinuities ....................... 347
15.3 Earthquakes and their prediction ...................... 358
15.4 Effects of earthquakes on rock engineering
structures ............................................ 379
15.5 Numerical simulations ................................. 400
15.6 Conclusions ........................................... 413
Acknowledgements ........................................... 416
References ................................................. 416
16 Constraining paleoseismic PGA using numerical analysis
of structural failures in historic masonry structures:
Review of recent results ................................... 423
Yossef H. Hatzor and Gony Yagoda-Biran
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 423
16.2 Brief summary of DDA theory ........................... 424
16.3 Several dynamic DDA validations ....................... 426
16.4 Back analysis of stone displacements in old masonry
structures ............................................ 438
16.5 Dynamic deformation in jointed and fractured rock
slopes: the case of Herod's Palace, Masada ............ 445
16.6 Summary and conclusions ............................... 454
References ................................................. 455
17 Explosion loading and tunnel response ...................... 457
Yingxin Zhou
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 457
17.2 Prediction of ground shock loading .................... 458
17.3 Tunnel response ....................................... 466
17.4 Large-scale testing ................................... 471
17.5 Conclusions ........................................... 479
References ................................................. 479
18 Rock support for underground excavations subjected to
dynamic loads and failure .................................. 483
Charlie Chunlin Li
18.1 Introduction .......................................... 483
18.2 Rockburst events ...................................... 483
18.3 Review of previous work ............................... 486
18.4 Philosophy of dynamic rock support .................... 487
18.5 Energy-absorbing rock bolts ........................... 492
18.6 Dynamic support principles used in some countries ..... 500
18.7 Dynamic testing methods of support elements ........... 501
18.8 Conclusions ........................................... 504
References ................................................. 505
List of symbols ............................................ 507
Subject Index .............................................. 511
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