Preface .................................................... xv
Aknowledges .............................................. xvii
Introduction ............................................... xix
1 Garnets ...................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 Garnet Structure and Chemistry .......................... 3
1.3 Magnetism and Ferrimagnetism ............................ 5
1.4 Magnetic Ions Behaving Badly ............................ 6
1.5 Lanthanides and Dodecahedral Substitution ............... 7
1.6 Octahedral Substitution ................................ 11
1.6.1 Nonmagnetic Octahedral Substitution ............. 11
1.6.2 Manganese (Mn) Substitution ..................... 13
1.6.3 Cobalt (Co) Substitution ........................ 14
1.7 Tetrahedral Substitution ............................... 14
1.7.1 Aluminum (Al) ................................... 14
1.7.2 Gallium (Ga) .................................... 16
1.7.3 Vanadium (V) .................................... 16
1.8 Mixed Systems .......................................... 17
1.8.1 Low Firing Temperature Garnets .................. 18
1.9 Rare Earth Substitution ................................ 18
1.10 Summary ................................................ 19
References .................................................. 20
Selected Bibliography ....................................... 21
2 Spinels ..................................................... 23
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 23
2.2 Nickel Spinels ......................................... 25
2.2.1 Overview of Nickel Spinel Applications .......... 26
2.2.2 Nickel Ferrites Above 10 GHz .................... 31
2.3 Magnesium Spinels ...................................... 32
2.4 Lithium Ferrite ........................................ 33
2.5 Summary ................................................ 36
References .................................................. 36
Selected Bibliography ....................................... 37
3 Absorbers ................................................... 39
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 39
3.2 Ni and NiZn Ferrite Absorbers .......................... 40
3.3 Water as an Absorber ................................... 44
3.4 Barium Titanate Piezoelectrics ......................... 46
3.5 Silicon Carbide Absorbers .............................. 48
3.6 Magnetic Metal Polymer Composite Materials ............. 49
3.7 Hexagonal Ferrite Absorbers ............................ 53
3.8 Summary ................................................ 53
References .................................................. 53
4 Plastics and Plastic Ceramic Composite Materials ............ 57
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 57
4.2 Plastics and Hydrocarbon Polymers ...................... 58
4.2.1 Hydrocarbon-Based Polymers ...................... 58
4.2.2 Hydrocarbons with Aromatic Side Chains .......... 59
4.3 Fluorocarbon-Based Polymers ............................ 61
4.4 Structural Thermoplastics .............................. 64
4.5 Epoxies ................................................ 65
4.6 Silicones .............................................. 67
4.7 Polyurethanes .......................................... 70
4.8 Filled Polymers ........................................ 70
4.8.1 Types of Fillers ................................ 70
4.8.2 Filled Polyolefins .............................. 73
4.8.3 Filled Fluorocarbons ............................ 73
4.8.4 Filled High-Temperature Polymers ................ 74
4.8.5 Filled Epoxies for Laminates .................... 74
4.9 Summary ................................................ 75
References .................................................. 75
5 Low Dielectric Constant Ceramic Dielectrics ................. 77
5.1 Introduction to Ceramic Dielectrics .................... 77
5.2 Measurement ............................................ 78
5.3 Applications ........................................... 78
5.4 Silica and Silicates ................................... 80
5.4.1 The Range of Si-O-Based Dielectric Materials
by Using Silicates .............................. 81
5.5 High-Temperature and High-Conductivity Materials ....... 83
5.5.1 Nitrides, Oxides, and Fluorides ................. 83
5.5.2 Alumina (Аl2О3) ................................. 84
5.5.3 Boron Nitride (BN) .............................. 85
5.5.4 Beryllium Oxide (BeO) ........................... 86
5.5.5 Aluminum Nitride (AlN) .......................... 86
5.5.6 Diamond ......................................... 87
5.6 Dielectrics for Thick Film and Low Temperature
Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) Applications .................... 87
5.7 Summary ................................................ 89
References .................................................. 89
Selected Bibliography ....................................... 90
6 High Dielectric Constant Dielectrics ........................ 91
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 91
6.2 Dielectrics with Dielectric Constants in the Range 20
to 55 .................................................. 92
6.3 The BaTi4O9/Ba2Ti9O20 System ............................ 94
6.4 The Zirconium Titanate/Zirconium Tin Titanate System
(ZrTiO4/(Zr,Sn)TiO4) ................................... 95
6.5 Perovskite Materials ................................... 95
6.6 High-Q Perovskites ..................................... 98
6.7 Temperature-Stable Dielectrics with Dielectric
Constants Greater Than 55 .............................. 99
6.8 Commercially Available TTBs ........................... 102
References ................................................. 103
Selected Bibliography ...................................... 104
7 Metals at Microwave Frequencies ............................ 107
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 107
7.2 Application of Metals to Microwave Transmission
Lines ................................................. 108
7.3 Copper ................................................ 108
7.4 Aluminum .............................................. 112
7.5 Silver ................................................ 113
7.6 Gold .................................................. 114
7.7 Relative Losses of Metals in Microstrip and
Waveguide Transmission Lines .......................... 114
7.8 Nickel ................................................ 115
7.9 Steels ................................................ 116
7.10 Magnetic Temperature-Compensating Alloys .............. 116
7.11 Metal Alloys with Low or Zero Expansion Coefficient ... 116
7.12 Metal Plating on Plastics ............................. 117
References ................................................. 119
Selected Bibliography ...................................... 119
8 Ferrite Devices ............................................ 121
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 121
8.2 Below-Resonance Junction Devices—Selecting the
Correct Magnetization ................................. 123
8.4 Magnetization Against Temperature ..................... 127
8.5 Insertion Loss Considerations Below Resonance ......... 128
8.4 Power Handling in Below-Resonance Junction Devices .... 130
8.7 Intermodulation in Below-Resonance Junction Devices ... 131
8.8 Microstrip Below-Resonance Devices .................... 133
8.9 Below-Resonance Linear Devices ........................ 133
8.10 Switching and Latching Devices ........................ 134
8.11 Temperature Considerations ............................ 139
8.13 Above-Resonance Devices ............................... 139
8.14 Power Handling in Above-Resonance Devices ............. 142
8.15 Above-Resonance Phase Shifters ........................ 142
8.14 Devices at Resonance .................................. 143
References ................................................. 143
Selected Bibliography ...................................... 144
9 Resonators and Filters Based on Dielectrics ................ 145
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 145
9.2 Circuit-Based Resonators .............................. 145
9.3 Coaxial Resonators .................................... 147
9.4 TE-Based Dielectric Resonator Applications ............ 149
9.5 Dielectric Resonator Loaded Cavities .................. 151
9.6 Dielectric Support Materials .......................... 155
9.7 TM Dielectric Resonator-Based Cavities ................ 156
9.8 Intermodulation in Dielectric Loaded Cavities ......... 157
References ................................................. 158
Selected Bibliography ...................................... 158
10 Antennas and Radomes ....................................... 159
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 159
10.2 Ferrite Rod Antennas for VHF and UHF .................. 159
10.3 Patch Antennas ........................................ 161
10.4 Ferrite Patch Antennas ................................ 163
10.5 Planar Inverted-F Antennas (PIFA) ..................... 164
10.6 Dielectric Resonator Antennas ......................... 164
10.7 Metal Antennas ........................................ 165
10.8 Radomes ............................................... 165
10.8.1 Half-Wave Radomes .............................. 166
10.8.2 A- and C-Sandwich Construction ................. 167
10.9 Foam Radome Materials ................................. 167
10.10 Ceramic Materials .................................... 168
10.11 Microwave and IR Transparent Radomes ................. 171
10.12 Absorbers for Antennas ............................... 172
10.13 Phased-Array Antennas ................................ 172
References ................................................. 172
Selected Bibliography ...................................... 173
11 Tunable Devices ............................................ 175
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 175
11.2 Magnetic Tuning ....................................... 175
11.3 Lumped Element Magnetically Tunable Filters ........... 176
11.1 Ferrite Phase Shifters ................................ 177
11.5 Magnetically Tunable Microstrip Filters ............... 178
11.5.1 Magnetically Tunable Dielectric Resonator Filters ... 178
11.6 Single-Crystal YIG Resonators ......................... 179
11.7 Epitaxial Thin-Film Magnetically Tuned YIG Devices .... 182
11.8 Ferroelectric-Tuned Devices ........................... 183
11.9 Tunable MEMS Devices .................................. 185
11.10 Low Temperature and Cryogenic Devices ................ 186
11.10.1 Magnetic Materials at Low Temperature ......... 186
11.10.2 Dielectrics at Low Temperature ................ 187
11.10.3 Superconductors at Microwave Frequencies ...... 188
References ................................................. 188
12 Measurement Techniques ..................................... 191
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 191
12.2 Dielectric Constant and Loss .......................... 191
12.2.1 Perturbation Techniques ........................ 193
12.2.2 Dielectric Properties Using Dielectric
Resonators ..................................... 194
12.2.3 Dielectric Temperature Coefficients ............ 197
12.2.4 Low-Frequency Measurements of Dielectric
Properties ..................................... 197
12.2.5 Split Resonator Technique ...................... 198
12.3 Magnetization ......................................... 199
12.3.1 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer .................. 200
12.3.2 AC Magnetization ............................... 201
12.4 Line Width Measurements ............................... 203
12.4.1 Ferrimagnetic Resonance ........................ 203
12.4.2 Spinwave Line Width ............................ 205
12.4.3 Effective Line Width and Magnetic Losses ....... 206
12.5 Permeability and Magnetic Loss Spectrum ............... 207
12.6 Intermodulation and Third-Harmonic Distortion
Measurement ........................................... 208
12.7 Density ............................................... 209
References ................................................. 209
About the Author ........................................... 211
Index ...................................................... 213
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