Liquid transportation fuels from coal and biomass: technological status, costs, and environmentals impacts (Washington, 2009). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаLiquid transportation fuels from coal and biomass: technological status, costs, and environmentals impacts / America's Energy Future Panel on Alternative Liquid Transportation Fuels; National Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Engineering; National Research Council of the National Acadamies. - Washington: National Academies Press, 2009. - xvii, 370 p.: ill. (chiefly col.). - Incl. bibl. ref. - ISBN-10 0-309-13712-6; ISBN-13 978-0-309-13712-6
 

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Оглавление / Contents
 
SYNOPSIS ........................................................ 1
SUMMARY ......................................................... 7
1  LIQUID FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION ............................. 51
   Demand for Liquid Transportation Fuels ...................... 52
   Alternative Transportation Fuels ............................ 55
   Purpose of This Study ....................................... 56
   Context of Report ........................................... 58
   Structure of This Report .................................... 60
   References .................................................. 61
2  BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR LIQUID TRANSPORTATION FUELS ........... 63
   Current Biomass Production for Biofuels ..................... 64
   Biomass Resources ........................................... 70
   Research and Development .................................... 89
   Costs of Supplying Biofuel Feedstocks ....................... 92
   Environmental Effects ...................................... 100
   Findings and Recommendations ............................... 103
   References ................................................. 106
3  BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS .......................... 117
   Technology Alternatives .................................... 117
   Biochemical Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass ............... 121
   Cost and Performance ....................................... 132
   Technology Forecast ........................................ 145
   Findings and Recommendations ............................... 153
   References ................................................. 157
4  THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF COAL AND BIOMASS .............. 163
   Status and Challenges of Technology Alternatives ........... 164
   Indirect-Liquefaction Technologies ......................... 167
   Direct-Liquefaction Technologies ........................... 209
   Findings and Recommendations ............................... 215
   References ................................................. 221
5  DISTRIBUTION ............................................... 225
   Ethanol Transportation ..................................... 227
   The Market for Biofuels .................................... 235
   Findings and Recommendations ............................... 239
   References ................................................. 240
6  COMPARISON OF OPTIONS AND MARKET PENETRATION ............... 243
   Comparison of Costs, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and
   Potential Fuel Supply ...................................... 244
   Market Penetration ......................................... 259
   Findings and Recommendations ............................... 265
   Reference .................................................. 267
7  OVERALL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................... 269
8  KEY CHALLENGES TO COMMERCIAL DEPLOYMENT .................... 277
   Challenge 1 ................................................ 277
   Challenge 2 ................................................ 278
   Challenge 3 ................................................ 279
   Challenge 4 ................................................ 279
   Challenge 5 ................................................ 280
9  OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUEL OPTIONS ............................. 281
   Compressed Natural Gas ..................................... 282
   Alternative Diesel ......................................... 284
   Methanol ................................................... 285
   Dimethyl Ether ............................................. 285
   Hydrogen ................................................... 286
   References ................................................. 291

Appendixes
A  America's Energy Future Project ............................ 295
B  Statement of Task .......................................... 301
С  Panel Members' Biographical Sketches ....................... 303
D  Presentations to the Panel ................................. 311
E  Research Supporting a Landscape Vision of Production of
   Biofuel Feedstock .......................................... 313
F  Estimating the Amount of Corn Stover That Can Be
   Harvested in a Sustainable Manner .......................... 317
G  Life-Cycle Inputs for Production of Biomass ................ 321
H  Background Information on the Economic and Environmental
   Assessment of Biomass Supply ............................... 325
I  Modeling of Capital and Operating Costs and Carbon
   Emissions of Ethanol Plants with Superpro Designer ......... 399
J  Resource Requirements for Production of Microbial
   Biomass .................................................... 359
K  Nonquantified Uncertainties That Could Influence the Costs
   of Carbon Storage .......................................... 367


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