1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 What are Metamaterials? ................................. 1
1.2 Macroscopic Effective Parameters ........................ 5
References ................................................... 8
2 Optical Properties of Metal-Dielectric Composites ........... 11
2.1 Optical Materials and Electronic Structures ............ 11
2.2 Optical Properties of Dielectric Materials ............. 13
2.3 Optical Properties of Metals ........................... 19
2.4 Metal-Dielectric Composites and Mixing Rules ........... 25
References .................................................. 36
3 Experimental Techniques and Data Treatment .................. 39
3.1 Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Optical Metamaterials ... 39
3.2 Approaching the Third Dimension ........................ 43
3.3 Characterization of Spectral Properties ................ 47
3.4 Extraction of Homogenized Optical Parameters ........... 51
References .................................................. 56
4 Electric Metamaterials ...................................... 59
4.1 A Brief Overview of Artificial Dielectrics ............. 59
4.2 Optical Properties of Stratified Metal-Dielectric
Composites ............................................. 60
4.3 Periodic Array of Metallic Wires ....................... 64
4.4 Semicontinuous Metal Films ............................. 71
References .................................................. 74
5 Magnetic Metamaterials ...................................... 77
5.1 Negligible Optical Magnetism in Nature ................. 77
5.2 Split-Ring Resonators .................................. 78
5.3 Optical Magnetic Elements .............................. 82
5.4 Magnetism in the Visible Spectrum ...................... 88
5.5 Analytical Model of Magnetic Nanostrips ................ 93
5.6 High-Permittivity Route to Artificial Magnetism ........ 96
References .................................................. 98
6 Negative-Index Metamaterials ............................... 101
6.1 A Brief Historical Review ............................. 101
6.2 Reversed Phenomena in Negative-Index Media ............ 103
6.3 Negative Refraction in Microwave Frequencies .......... 105
6.4 The Debut of Optical Negative-Index Materials ......... 107
6.5 General Recipe for Construction ....................... 112
6.6 Alternative Approaches ................................ 116
References ................................................. 120
7 Nonlinear Optics with Metamaterials ........................ 123
7.1 Recent Advances of Nonlinear Effects in
Metamaterials ......................................... 123
7.2 Second-Harmonic Generation and the Manley-Rowe
Relations in Negative-Index Materials ................. 126
7.3 Optical Parametric Amplifications in Negative-index
Materials ............................................. 131
References ................................................. 134
8 Super Resolution with Meta-Lenses .......................... 137
8.1 Perfect Lens with Subwavelength Resolution ............ 137
8.2 Near-Field Superlens .................................. 140
8.3 "Tunable" Superlens Using Random Composites ........... 142
8.4 Potential Applications of the Composite Lens .......... 148
8.5 Far-Field Imaging with Super-Resolution ............... 149
References ................................................. 155
9 Transformation Optics and Electromagnetic Cloak of
Invisibility ............................................... 159
9.1 Invisibility and Transformation Optics: An Overview ... 159
9.2 Cloaking by Coordinate Transformation ................. 162
9.3 Towards Experimental Demonstrations ................... 167
9.4 Non-magnetic Optical Cloak ............................ 171
9.5 Cloaking with High-Order Transformations .............. 176
9.6 Designs for High-Order Optical Cloaking ............... 180
9.7 Alternative Approaches for Optical Cloaking ........... 187
9.8 Concluding Remarks on Transformation Optics ........... 191
References ................................................. 193
Index ......................................................... 197
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