Biomaterials: a nano approach (Boca Raton, 2010). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаBiomaterials: a nano approach / S.Ramakrishna et al. - Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2010. - xxii, 350 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.335-350. - ISBN 978-1-4200-4781-3
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
Foreword ..................................................... xiii
Preface ........................................................ xv
Acknowledgments .............................................. xvii
About the Book ................................................ xix
Authors ....................................................... xxi
1  Overview of Biomaterials ..................................... 1
   1.1  Introduction ............................................ 1
   1.2  Biomaterials: From Then to Now .......................... 3
   1.3  Impact of Biomaterials .................................. 9
   1.4  Characteristics of Biomaterials ........................ 11
   1.5  Classification of Biomaterials ......................... 14
        1.5.1  Metallic Biomaterials ........................... 18
        1.5.2  Ceramic Biomaterials ............................ 19
        1.5.3  Polymeric Biomaterials .......................... 19
        1.5.4  Composite Biomaterials .......................... 20
   1.6  Surface Modification of Biomaterials ................... 20
   1.7  Recent Trends in Biomaterials .......................... 22
        1.7.1  Nanobiomaterials: A New Generation
               Biomaterial ..................................... 22
        1.7.2  Processing of Nanobiomaterials .................. 23
               1.7.2.1  Sol-Gel Processing ..................... 23
               1.7.2.2  Biomimetic Processing .................. 24
               1.7.2.3  Tissue Engineering Approach ............ 26
   1.8  Summary ................................................ 28
   Glossary .................................................... 29
   References .................................................. 32
2  Basics of Human Biology ..................................... 35
   2.1  Introduction ........................................... 35
   2.2  Structure and Function of the Human Body ............... 35
   2.3  Chemical Level ......................................... 36
   2.4  Cellular Level ......................................... 37
        2.4.1  Nucleus ......................................... 38
        2.4.2  Cytoplasm ....................................... 39
        2.4.3  Cell Membrane ................................... 39
               2.4.3.1  Transport across the Cell Membrane ..... 40
   2.5  Tissue Level ........................................... 41
        2.5.1  Epithelial Tissue ............................... 42
        2.5.2  Connective Tissue ............................... 43
        2.5.3  Muscle Tissue ................................... 43
        2.5.4  Nerve Tissue .................................... 44
   2.6  Organ Level ............................................ 44
        2.6.1  Skin ............................................ 44
        2.6.2  Bone ............................................ 46
   2.7  System Level ........................................... 49
   Glossary .................................................... 51
   References .................................................. 54
   Further Reading ............................................. 55
3  Degradation and Corrosion of Biomaterials ................... 57
   3.1  Introduction ........................................... 57
   3.2  Surface Properties ..................................... 57
   3.3  Degradation of Biomaterials ............................ 62
   3.4  Corrosion of Biomaterials .............................. 63
        3.4.1  Galvanic Corrosion .............................. 66
        3.4.2  Crevice Corrosion ............................... 66
        3.4.3  Pitting Corrosion ............................... 66
        3.4.4  Intergranular Corrosion ......................... 67
        3.4.5  Stress Corrosion ................................ 67
        3.4.6  Fretting Corrosion .............................. 68
   3.5  Methods of Corrosion Testing ........................... 68
   3.6  Biocompatibility of Implants ........................... 70
        3.6.1  In Vitro Test Methods ........................... 71
        3.6.2  In Vivo Test Methods ............................ 73
   3.7  Case Study ............................................. 74
   3.8  Summary ................................................ 77
   Glossary .................................................... 77
   References .................................................. 78
   Further Reading ............................................. 79
4  Failure and Tribology of Biomaterials ....................... 81
   4.1  Introduction ........................................... 81
   4.2  Deformation Mechanics .................................. 82
        4.2.1  Elastic Deformation ............................. 84
        4.2.2  Plastic Deformation ............................. 85
   4.3  Deformation Analysis of Biomaterials ................... 86
   4.4  Fracture Mechanics ..................................... 88
   4.5  Classification of Fracture ............................. 91
        4.5.1  Brittle Fracture ................................ 92
        4.5.2  Ductile Fracture ................................ 93
   4.6  Brittle to Ductile Transition of Biomaterials .......... 94
   4.7  Fracture Toughness ..................................... 96
   4.8  Toughness Analysis of Biomaterials .................... 100
   4.9  Fatigue Mechanics ..................................... 104
   4.10 Fatigue Analysis of Biomaterials ...................... 107
   4.11 Tribology ............................................. 109
        4.11.1 Friction ....................................... 109
        4.11.2 Wear ........................................... 111
   4.12 Tribological Analysis of Biomaterials ................. 114
   4.13 Case Study ............................................ 117
   4.14 Summary ............................................... 119
   Glossary ................................................... 119
   References ................................................. 121
   Further Reading ............................................ 121
5  Nanoscale Phenomena ........................................ 123
   5.1  Introduction .......................................... 123
   5.2  Nanoscale Phenomena ................................... 125
        5.2.1  Properties at Nanoscale ........................ 126
   5.3  Processing of Nanostructured Materials ................ 129
        5.3.1  Тор-Down Methods ............................... 130
        5.3.2  Bottom-Up Methods .............................. 134
   5.4  Characterization Techniques ........................... 139
        5.4.1  X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering Methods ....... 140
        5.4.2  Electron Microscopy ............................ 141
        5.4.3  Scanning Probe Microscopy ...................... 143
        5.4.4  Light Scattering Techniques .................... 145
        5.4.5  Gas Adsorption Measurements .................... 147
   5.5  Environmental and Safety Aspects of Nanomaterials ..... 148
   5.6  Summary ............................................... 155
   Glossary ................................................... 155
   References ................................................. 157
   Further Reading ............................................ 159
6  Metallic Biomaterials ...................................... 161
   6.1  Introduction .......................................... 161
   6.2  Metallic Biomaterials ................................. 161
        6.2.1  Stainless Steels ............................... 163
        6.2.2  Cobalt-Chromium Alloys ......................... 168
        6.2.3  Titanium and Titanium-Based Alloys ............. 169
        6.2.4  Shape Memory Alloys ............................ 172
        6.2.5  Dental Amalgam Alloys .......................... 175
        6.2.6  Noble and Other Metals ......................... 175
   6.3  Nanostructured Metallic Implants ...................... 176
   6.4  Case Study ............................................ 179
   6.5  Summary ............................................... 183
   Glossary ................................................... 184
   References ................................................. 185
7  Ceramic Biomaterials ....................................... 187
   7.1  Introduction .......................................... 187
   7.2  Bioceramics ........................................... 187
        7.2.1  Nearly Inert Bioceramics ....................... 189
        7.2.2  Porous Bioceramics ............................. 193
        7.2.3  Bioactive Bioceramics .......................... 194
               7.2.3.1  Bioactive Glasses ..................... 195
               7.2.3.2  Calcium Phosphate Ceramics ............ 197
        7.2.4  Bioresorbable Bioceramics ...................... 200
   7.3  Nanostructured Bioceramics ............................ 201
   7.4  Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Bioceramics .... 201
        7.4.1  Synthesis and Characterization of Nano
               Alumina ........................................ 202
        7.4.2  Synthesis and Characterization of Nano
               Calcium Phosphate Ceramics ..................... 208
   7.5  Case Study ............................................ 211
   7.6  Summary ............................................... 212
   Glossary ................................................... 213
   References ................................................. 214
8  Polymeric Biomaterials ..................................... 217
   8.1  Introduction .......................................... 217
        8.1.1  Polymerization Process ......................... 217
               8.1.1.1  Addition Polymerization ............... 217
               8.1.1.2  Condensation Polymerization ........... 218
        8.1.2  Types of Polymers .............................. 219
        8.1.3  Factors Influencing the Properties of
               Polymers ....................................... 221
               8.1.3.1  Molecular Weight ...................... 221
               8.1.3.2  Molecular Structures .................. 221
               8.1.3.3  Intermolecular Forces ................. 222
               8.1.3.4  Polymer Crystallinity ................. 223
        8.1.4  Polymer Characterization ....................... 224
   8.2  Polymers as Biomaterials .............................. 224
   8.3  Classification of Polymeric Biomaterials .............. 225
   8.4  Naturally Derived Polymers ............................ 226
        8.4.1  Collagen ....................................... 227
        8.4.2  Gelatin ........................................ 228
        8.4.3  Chitosan ....................................... 228
   8.5  Synthetic Polymers .................................... 229
        8.5.1  Nonbiodegradable Synthetic Polymers ............ 229
               8.5.1.1  Poly(methyl methacrylate) ............. 229
               8.5.1.2  Polyethylene) ......................... 230
               8.5.1.3  Polyethylene terephthalate) ........... 230
        8.5.2  Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers ............... 230
               8.5.2.1  Poly(lactic acid) ..................... 230
               8.5.2.2  Poly(glycolic acid) ................... 231
               8.5.2.3  Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) ......... 231
   8.6  Polymeric Nanobiomaterials ............................ 231
   8.7  Processing of Polymer Nanofibers: Current Scenarios ... 232
        8.7.1  Drawing ........................................ 233
        8.7.2  Template Synthesis ............................. 233
        8.7.3  Self-Assembly .................................. 237
        8.7.4  Phase Separation ............................... 237
        8.7.5  Electrospinning: A New Approach ................ 239
               8.7.5.1  Experimental System ................... 240
               8.7.5.2  Spinning Mechanism .................... 240
   8.8  Electrospun Polymer Nanofibrous Scaffolds ............. 248
        8.8.1  Collagen Nanofibrous Scaffold .................. 248
        8.8.2  Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffold ................... 250
        8.8.3  Chitosan Nanofibrous Scaffold .................. 250
        8.8.4  Poly(L-lactic acid) Nanofibrous Scaffold ....... 251
        8.8.5  Poly(glycolic acid) Nanofibrous Scaffold ....... 252
        8.8.6  Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanofibrous
               Scaffold ....................................... 254
   8.9  Biomedical Applications of Polymer Nanofibers ......... 254
        8.9.1  Medical Prostheses ............................. 255
        8.9.2  Dental Restoration ............................. 256
        8.9.3  Wound Dressing ................................. 256
        8.9.4  Drug Delivery .................................. 258
        8.9.5  Tissue Scaffolds ............................... 259
   8.10 Summary ............................................... 259
   Glossary ................................................... 260
   References ................................................. 261
9  Composite Biomaterials ..................................... 263
   9.1  Introduction .......................................... 263
   9.2  Classification of Composite Biomaterials .............. 265
        9.2.1  Fibrous Composite Biomaterials ................. 265
        9.2.2  Particulate Composite Biomaterials ............. 266
   9.3  Biological Responses to Composite Biomaterials ........ 269
   9.4  Biomedical Applications of Composite Biomaterials ..... 269
        9.4.1  Bone Fracture Repair ........................... 271
               9.4.1.1  Bone Plates and Screws ................ 273
        9.4.2  Joint Replacements ............................. 275
               9.4.2.1  Total Hip Replacement ................. 276
        9.4.3  Bone Graft Materials ........................... 278
        9.4.4  Dental Applications ............................ 280
               9.4.4.1  Dental Restorative Materials .......... 281
               9.4.4.2  Dental Post ........................... 282
               9.4.4.3  Dental Arch Wires and Brackets ........ 283
   9.5  Evolution of Nanocomposite Biomaterials ............... 284
   9.6  Nanocomposites: A New Class of Nanobiomaterials ....... 285
   9.7  Conventional Nanocomposites ........................... 286
   9.8  Biomimetic Nanocomposites ............................. 288
   9.9  Tissue-Engineered Nanocomposites ...................... 290
   9.10 Nanocomposites for Growth Factor Delivery ............. 292
   9.11 Summary ............................................... 295
   Glossary ................................................... 295
   References ................................................. 297
10 Nanobiomaterials for Tissue Regeneration ................... 299
   10.1 Introduction .......................................... 299
   10.2 Concept of Tissue Engineering ......................... 300
   10.3 The Promise of Stem Cells ............................. 301
        10.3.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells ......................... 302
   10.4 Nanobiomaterials: A New Generation Scaffolding
        Material .............................................. 304
   10.5 Characteristics of a Scaffold ......................... 305
   10.6 Types of Scaffolding Materials ........................ 306
        10.6.1 Ceramic Nanobiomaterials ....................... 307
        10.6.2 Polymeric Nanobiomaterials ..................... 307
   10.7 Scaffold Designing Using Nanobiomaterials ............. 308
   10.8 Tissue-Engineered Ceramic Nanobiomaterials ............ 308
   10.9 Tissue-Engineered Polymeric Nanobiomaterials .......... 311
   10.10 Patterning of Biomaterials for Cell Engineering ...... 314
         10.10.1 Chemical Patterning .......................... 316
                 10.10.1.1 Patterning by Microcontact
                          Printing ............................ 317
         10.10.2 Topographical Patterning ..................... 320
                 10.10.2.1  Nanoimprint Lithography ........... 321
   10.11 Tissue-Engineered Products: The Artificial Skin and
         Cartilage ............................................ 324
   10.12 Case Study ........................................... 326
   10.13 Summary .............................................. 328
   Glossary ................................................... 330

Index ......................................................... 335


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