Contents of Homeostasis and Toxicology of Non-Essential
Metals, Volume 31B ............................................. xi
Contributors ................................................. xvii
Preface ....................................................... xix
1 An Introduction to Metals in Fish Physiology and
Toxicology: Basic Principles
Chris M. Wood
1 Background ................................................ 2
2 Structure of the Book ..................................... 6
3 Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Sea water ........... 7
4 Sources of Metals and Economic Importance ................ 11
5 Environmental Situations of Concern ...................... 12
6 Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria ......... 13
7 Mechanisms of Toxicity ................................... 18
8 Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Metals ............... 23
9 Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification
of Metals ................................................ 24
10 Characterization of Uptake Routes ........................ 27
11 Characterization of Internal Handling .................... 31
12 Characterization of Excretion Routes ..................... 36
13 Behavioral Effects of Metals ............................. 38
14 Molecular Characterization of Metal Transporters,
Storage Proteins, and Chaperones ......................... 39
15 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ............................ 40
16 Interactions with Other Metals ........................... 40
2 Copper
Martin Grosell .............................................. 54
1 Introduction ............................................. 54
2 Chemical Speciation and Other Factors Affecting
Toxicity in Freshwater and Seawater ...................... 55
3 Sources of Copper in the Environment and its Economic
Importance ............................................... 59
4 Environmental Situations of Concern ...................... 59
5 Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria ......... 60
6 Mechanisms of Toxicity ................................... 62
7 Essentiality of Copper ................................... 93
8 Potential for Bioconcentration and Biomagnification of
Copper ................................................... 94
9 Characterization of Uptake Routes ........................ 94
10 Characterization of Internal Handling ................... 103
11 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 107
12 Behavioral Effects of Copper ............................ 108
13 Molecular Characterization of Copper Transporters,
Storage Proteins, and Chaperones ........................ 109
14 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ........................... 109
15 Interactions with Other Metals .......................... 109
16 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions .................... 110
3 Zinc
Christer Hogstrand
1 Introduction ............................................ 136
2 Chemical Speciation of Zinc in Freshwater and Seawater .. 137
3 Sources of Zinc and Economic Importance ................. 138
4 Environmental Situations of Concern ..................... 140
5 Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Zinc in Various
Jurisdictions ........................................... 142
6 Mechanisms of Toxicity .................................. 144
7 Essentiality and Roles of Zinc in Biology ............... 149
8 Potential for Bioconcentration of Zinc .................. 157
9 Characterization of Uptake Routes ....................... 161
10 Characterization of Internal Handling ................... 172
11 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 176
12 Behavioral Effects of Zinc .............................. 177
13 Molecular Characterization of Zinc Transporters,
Storage Proteins, and Chaperones ........................ 179
14 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ........................... 179
15 Interactions with Other Metals .......................... 180
16 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions .................... 184
4 Iron
Nicolas R. Bury, David Boyle and Christopher A. Cooper
1 Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater .......... 202
2 Sources of Iron and Economic Importance ................. 205
3 Environmental Situations of Concern ..................... 206
4 A Survey of Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality
Criteria in Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and
Seawater ................................................ 207
5 Mechanisms of Toxicity .................................. 209
6 Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Iron: Evidence For
and Against ............................................. 212
7 Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification
of Iron ................................................. 212
8 Characterization of Uptake Routes ....................... 215
9 Characterization of Internal Handling ................... 221
10 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 227
1l Behavioral Effects of Iron .............................. 227
12 MoJeeular Characterization of Epithelial Iron
Transporters and Hepcidin ............................... 228
13 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ........................... 234
14 Interactions with Other Metals .......................... 234
15 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions .................... 236
5 Nickel
Greg Pyle and Patrice Couture
1 Nickel Speciation in Freshwater and Saltwater ........... 254
2 Nickel Sources and Economic Importance .................. 256
3 Environmental Situations of Concern ..................... 258
4 Environmental Criteria .................................. 258
5 Mechanisms of Toxicity .................................. 260
6 Nickel Essentiality ..................................... 269
7 Potential for Biomagnification or Bioconcentration of
Nickel .................................................. 272
8 Characterization of Uptake Routes ....................... 272
9 Internal Handling of Nickel ............................. 272
10 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 277
11 Chemosensory and Behavioral Effects ..................... 278
12 Genomic, Proteomic, and Genotoxic Effects ............... 280
13 Nickel Interaction with Other Metals .................... 280
14 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions .................... 281
6 Cobalt
Ronny Blust
1 Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater .......... 292
2 Sources (Natural and Anthropogenic) of Cobalt and
Economic Importance ..................................... 295
3 Environmental Situations of Concern ..................... 296
4 A Survey of Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality
Criteria in Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and
Seawater ................................................ 296
5 Mechanisms of Toxicity .................................. 297
6 Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Cobalt: Evidence
For and Against ......................................... 300
7 Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification
of Cobalt ............................................... 304
8 Characterization of Uptake Routes ....................... 307
9 Characterization of Internal Handling ................... 312
10 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 314
11 Behavioral Effects of Cobalt ............................ 314
12 Molecular Characterization of Cobalt Transporters,
Storage Proteins, and Chaperones ........................ 315
13 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ........................... 317
14 Interactions with Other Metals .......................... 317
7 Selenium
David M. Janz
1 Introduction ............................................ 329
2 Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater .......... 329
3 Sources of Selenium and Economic Importance ............. 332
4 Environmental Situations of Concern ..................... 334
5 Survey of Water Quality Guidelines ...................... 337
6 Mechanisms of Toxicity .................................. 338
7 Selenium Essentiality ................................... 344
8 Potential for Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of
Selenium ................................................ 348
9 Characterization of Uptake Routes ....................... 351
10 Characterization of Internal Handling ................... 352
11 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 357
12 Behavioral Effects of Selenium .......................... 358
13 Molecular Characterization of Transporters, Storage
Proteins, and Chaperones ................................ 359
14 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ........................... 359
15 Interactions with Other Metals .......................... 361
16 Interactions with Water Temperature ..................... 363
17 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions .................... 364
8 Molybdenum and Chromium
Scott D. Reid
1 Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater .......... 376
2 Sources (Natural and Anthropogenic) of Molybdenum and
Chromium and Economic Importance ........................ 378
3 Environmental Situations of Concern ..................... 379
4 A Survey of Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality
Criteria in Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and
Seawater ................................................ 380
5 Mechanisms of Toxicity .................................. 381
6 Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Molybdenum and
Chromium: Evidence For and Against ...................... 389
7 Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification
of Molybdenum and Chromium .............................. 390
8 Characterization of Uptake Routes ....................... 393
9 Characterization of Internal Handling ................... 394
10 Characterization of Excretion Routes .................... 398
11 Behavioral Effects of Molybdenum and Chromium ........... 402
12 Molecular Characterization of Molybdenum and Chromium
Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones .......... 403
13 Genomic and Proteomic Studies ........................... 403
14 Interactions with Other Metals .......................... 405
15 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions .................... 406
9 Field Studies on Metal Accumulation and Effects in Fish
Patrice Couture and Greg Pyle
1 Historical Review of Natural and Anthropogenic
Contamination of Aquatic Environments by Metals ......... 418
2 Relative Importance of Diet Versus Water as Metal
Sources in Wild Fish .................................... 426
3 Bioenergetic Effects of Metal Contamination in Wild
Fish .................................................... 434
4 Metal Effects on Behavior ............................... 446
5 Seasonal, Interannual, and Age-dependent Variations in
Fish Condition and Contamination ........................ 450
6 Applying Predictive Models in Field Situations .......... 458
7 Concluding Remarks ...................................... 461
Index
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Section
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