Preface to the First Edition ................................... ix
Preface to the Second Edition ................................... x
Preface to the Third Edition .................................. xii
Preface to the Fourth Edition ................................. xiv
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 What Geophysics Measures ................................ 1
1.2 Fields .................................................. 1
1.3 Geophysical Survey Design ............................... 9
1.4 Geophysical Fieldwork .................................. 14
1.5 Geophysical Data ....................................... 19
1.6 Bases and Base Networks ................................ 29
1.7 Real-Time Profiling .................................... 32
2 Gravity Method .............................................. 39
1.1 Physical Basis of the Gravity Method ................... 39
2.1 Gravity Meters ......................................... 41
2.2 Gravity Reductions ..................................... 49
2.3 Gravity Surveys ........................................ 52
2.4 Field Interpretation ................................... 61
3 Magnetic Method ............................................. 65
3.1 Magnetic Properties .................................... 65
3.2 The Magnetic Field of the Earth ........................ 67
3.3 Magnetic Instruments ................................... 72
3.4 Magnetic Surveys ....................................... 75
3.5 Simple Magnetic Interpretation ......................... 81
4 Radiometric Surveys ......................................... 85
4.1 Natural Radiation ...................................... 85
4.2 Radiation Detectors .................................... 90
4.3 Radiometric Surveys .................................... 92
5 Electric Current Methods: General Considerations ............ 97
5.1 Resistivity and Conductivity ........................... 97
5.2 Varying Currents ...................................... 102
6 Resistivity Methods ........................................ 109
6.1 DC Survey Fundamentals ................................ 109
6.2 DC Practicalities ..................................... 117
6.3 Resistivity Profiling ................................. 122
6.4 Resistivity Depth-Sounding ............................ 125
6.5 Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) .................. 128
6.6 Capacitive Coupling ................................... 133
7 SP and IP .................................................. 137
7.1 SP Surveys ............................................ 137
7.2 Polarisation Fundamentals ............................. 140
7.3 Time-Domain IP Surveys ................................ 143
7.4 Frequency-Domain Surveys .............................. 144
7.5 IP Data ............................................... 146
8 Electromagnetic Methods .................................... 149
8.1 Two-Coil CW Systems ................................... 149
8.2 CWEM Conductivity Mapping ............................. 158
8.3 Fixed-Source Methods .................................. 161
8.4 Transient Electromagnetics ............................ 165
9 Remote-Source Electromagnetics ............................. 171
9.1 Natural Electromagnetic Radiation ..................... 171
9.2 Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) ...... 180
10 Ground Penetrating Radar ................................... 185
10.1 Radar Fundamentals .................................... 185
10.2 GPR Surveys ........................................... 199
10.3 Data Processing ....................................... 205
11 Siesmic Methods: General Considerations .................... 211
11.1 Seismic Waves ......................................... 211
11.2 Seismic Sources ....................................... 216
11.3 Detection of Seismic Waves ............................ 222
11.4 Recording Seismic Signals ............................. 226
12 Seismic Reflection ......................................... 229
12.1 Reflection Theory ..................................... 229
12.2 Reflection Surveys .................................... 233
13 Seismic Refraction ......................................... 241
13.1 Refraction Surveys .................................... 241
13.2 Interpretation ........................................ 247
13.3 Limitations of the Refraction Method .................. 257
14 Seismic Surface Wave Methods ............................... 261
14.1 Surface Wave Surveys .................................. 261
14.2 Data Processing ....................................... 266
14.3 Limitations of the Method ............................. 270
15 Maps, Mapping and GPS ...................................... 273
15.1 Maps and Mapping ...................................... 273
15.2 Satellite Navigation .................................. 276
Appendix: Terrain Corrections for Hammer Zones В to M ......... 281
Index ......................................................... 283
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