Preface ................................................... XXIX
List of Contributors ..................................... XXXIX
Color Plates ................................................ LI
1 Fundamentals of Optics ....................................... 1
Ting-Chung Poon and Jung-Ping Liu
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ............................ 1
1.3 Geometrical Optics ...................................... 3
1.4 Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation ............... 9
1.5 Wave Optics and Diffraction ............................ 11
1.6 Fourier Optics and Applications ........................ 14
1.7 The Human Visual System ................................ 21
1.8 Conclusion ............................................. 23
References .................................................. 23
2 Fundamentals of Photonics ................................... 25
Erik Stijns and Hugo Thienpont
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 25
2.2 Interference and Diffraction ........................... 25
2.3 Terms and Units: The Measurement of Light .............. 30
2.4 Color .................................................. 35
2.5 Basic Laser Physics .................................... 43
2.6 Basic Properties of Laser Light ........................ 46
2.7 Conclusions ............................................ 48
References .................................................. 48
3 Basics of Information Theory ................................ 49
Michal Dobes
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 49
3.2 Probability ............................................ 49
3.3 Entropy and Mutual Information ......................... 54
3.4 Information Channel .................................... 62
3.5 Conclusion ............................................. 66
Appendix 3.A: Application of Mutual Information ............. 67
References .................................................. 68
4 Fundamentals of Image Processing ............................ 71
Vaclav Hlavac
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 71
4.2 Digital Image Representation ........................... 73
4.3 Image Filtering Paradigm ............................... 78
4.4 Frequency Domain ....................................... 80
4.5 Filtering in the Image Domain .......................... 90
4.6 Conclusions ............................................ 96
References .................................................. 96
5 Joint Spatial/Spatial-Frequency Representations ............. 97
Gabriel Cristóbal, Salvador Gabarda, and Leon Cohen
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 97
5.2 Fundamentals of Joint Representations .................. 98
5.3 Other Distributions ................................... 103
5.4 The Pseudo-Wigner-Ville Distribution (PWVD) ........... 105
5.5 2D Log-Gabor Filtering Schemes for Image Processing ... 110
5.6 Texture Segmentation .................................. 112
5.7 Hybrid Optical-Digital Implementation ................. 114
5.8 Conclusions ........................................... 116
Acknowledgments ............................................ 116
References ................................................. 116
6 Splines in Biomedical Image Processing ..................... 119
Slavica Jonic and Carlos Oscar Sanchez Sorzano
6.1 I ntroduction ......................................... 119
6.2 Main Theoretical Results about Splines ................ 120
6.3 Splines in Biomedical Image and Volume Registration ... 131
6.4 Conclusions ........................................... 132
References ................................................. 133
7 Wavelets ................................................... 135
Ann Dooms and Ingrid Daubechies
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 135
7.2 Chasing Sherlock Holmes: How to Scrutinize an Image ... 139
7.3 A Natural Evolution: The Continuous Wavelet
Transform ............................................. 142
7.4 Theory into Practice: The Discrete Wavelet Transform .. 143
7.5 Mallat and Meyer Digging Deeper: Multiresolution
Analysis .............................................. 144
7.5.1 Examples ....................................... 146
7.6 Going to Higher Dimensions: Directional Transforms .... 148
7.7 Conclusion ............................................ 152
References ................................................. 153
8 Scale-Space Representations for Cray-Scale and Color
Images ..................................................... 155
Iris U. Vanhamel, Ioannis Pratikakis, and Hichem Sahli
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 155
8.2 Background ............................................ 156
8.3 Representation ........................................ 165
8.4 Conclusions ........................................... 176
References ................................................. 176
9 Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) ............................ 179
Philip M. Birch, Rupert Young, and Chris Chatwin
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 179
9.2 Types of SLM .......................................... 180
9.3 Fully Complex Modulation Methods ...................... 194
9.4 Applications .......................................... 196
9.5 Conclusions ........................................... 197
References ................................................. 198
10 Holographic Visualization of 3D Data ....................... 201
Pierre-Alexandre Blanche
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 201
10.2 Reproducing the Amplitude and the Phase ............... 203
10.3 Different Types of Holograms .......................... 207
10.4 Holographic Approximations ............................ 215
10.5 Dynamic Holography .................................... 220
10.6 Conclusion ............................................ 224
Acknowledgment ............................................. 225
References ................................................. 225
Further Reading ............................................ 226
11 Holographic Data Storage Technology ........................ 227
Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar, and Pierre-Alexandre Blanche
11.1 I ntroduction ......................................... 227
11.2 Holographic Data Storage Overview ..................... 228
11.3 Tolerances and Basic Servo ............................ 234
11.4 Data Channel Overview ................................. 236
11.5 Materials for Holography .............................. 237
11.6 Material for Data Storage ............................. 243
11.7 Media for Holographic Data Storage .................... 246
11.8 Conclusions ........................................... 246
References ................................................. 247
12 Phase-Space Rotators and their Applications in Optics ...... 251
Jose A. Rodrigo, Tatiana Alieva, and Martin J. Bastiaans
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 251
12.2 Signal Representation in Phase Space: The Wigner
Distribution .......................................... 252
12.3 Matrix Formalism for the Description of Phase-Space
Rotations ............................................. 255
12.4 Basic Phase-Space Rotators for Two-Dimensional
Signals ............................................... 257
12.5 Optical System Цesign for Phase-Space Rotators and
their Experimental Implementations .................... 260
12.6 Applications of Phase-Space Rotators in Optics ........ 264
12.7 Conclusions ........................................... 269
Acknowledgments ............................................ 269
References ................................................. 269
13 Microscopic Imaging ........................................ 273
Gloria Bueno, Oscar Déniz, Roberto González-Morales,
Juan Vidal, and Jesús Salido
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 273
13.2 Image Formation: Basic Concepts ....................... 274
13.3 Components of a Microscopic Imaging System ............ 276
13.4 Types of Microscopy ................................... 277
13.5 Digital Image Processing in Microscopy ................ 284
13.6 Conclusions ........................................... 292
Acknowledgments ............................................ 292
References ................................................. 292
14 Adaptive Optics in Microscopy .............................. 295
Martin J. Booth
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 295
14.2 Aberrations in Microscopy ............................. 296
14.3 Principles of Adaptive Optics ......................... 301
14.4 Aberration Correction in High-Resolution Optical
Microscopy ............................................ 307
14.5 Aberration Measurement and Wavefront Sensing .......... 312
14.6 Control Strategies for Adaptive Microscopy ............ 317
14.7 Conclusion ............................................ 320
Acknowledgments ............................................ 321
References ................................................. 321
15 Aperture Synthesis and Astronomical Image Formation ........ 323
Anna Scaife
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 323
15.2 Image Formation from Optical Telescopes ............... 324
15.3 Single-Aperture Radio Telescopes ...................... 326
15.4 Aperture Synthesis .................................... 327
15.5 Image Formation ....................................... 333
15.6 Conclusions ........................................... 343
References ................................................. 343
16 Display and Projection ..................................... 345
Tom Kimpe, Patrick Canary, and Peter Janssens
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 345
16.2 Direct View Displays .................................. 345
16.3 Projection Displays ................................... 353
16.4 Applications .......................................... 362
16.5 Conclusion ............................................ 366
References ................................................. 366
17 3D Displays ................................................ 369
Janusz Konrad
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 369
17.2 Planar Stereoscopic Displays .......................... 370
17.3 Planar Multiview Displays ............................. 378
17.4 Signal Processing for 3D Displays ..................... 381
17.5 Conclusions ........................................... 393
Acknowledgments ............................................ 394
References ................................................. 394
18 Linking Analog and Digital Image Processing ................ 397
Leonid P. Yaroslavsky
18.1 Introduction .......................................... 397
18.2 How Should One Build Discrete Representation of
Images and Transforms? ................................ 398
18.3 Building Continuous Image Models ...................... 408
18.4 Digital-to-Analog Conversion in Digital Holography.
Case Study: Reconstruction of Kinoform ................ 414
18.5 Conclusion ............................................ 417
References ................................................. 418
19 Visual Perception and Quality Assessment ................... 419
Anush K. Moorthy, Zhou Wang, and Alan C. Bovik
19.1 Introduction .......................................... 419
19.2 The Human Visual System ............................... 420
19.3 Human-Visual-System-Based Models ...................... 422
19.4 Feature-Based Models .................................. 425
19.5 Structural and Information-Theoretic Models ........... 427
19.6 Motion-Modeling-Based Algorithms ...................... 430
19.7 Performance Evaluation and Validation ................. 432
19.8 Conclusion ............................................ 435
References ................................................. 435
20 Digital Image and Video Compression ........................ 441
Joeri Barbarien, Adrian Munteanu, and Peter Schelkens
20.1 Introduction .......................................... 441
20.2 Typical Architecture .................................. 441
20.3 Data Prediction and Transformation .................... 442
20.4 Quantization .......................................... 449
20.5 Entropy Coding ........................................ 452
20.6 Image and Volumetric Coding ........................... 455
20.7 Video Coding .......................................... 457
20.8 Conclusions ........................................... 460
Acknowledgments ............................................ 460
References ................................................. 460
21 Optical Compression Scheme to Simultaneously Multiplex
and Encode Images .......................................... 463
Ayman Alfalou, Ali Mansour, Marwa Elbouz, and Christian
Brosseau
21.1 Introduction .......................................... 463
21.2 Optical Image Compression Methods: Background ......... 464
21.3 Compression and Multiplexing: Information Fusion by
Segmentation in the Spectral Plane .................... 466
21.4 Optical Compression of Color Images by Using JPEG
and JPEG2000 Standards ................................ 470
21.5 New Simultaneous Compression and Encryption Approach
Based on a Biometrie Key and DCT ...................... 474
21.6 Conclusions ........................................... 480
References ................................................. 481
22 Compressive Optical Imaging: Architectures and Algorithms .. 485
Roummel F. Marcia, Rebecca M. Willett, and Zachary
T. Harmany
22.1 Introduction .......................................... 485
22.2 Compressive Sensing ................................... 486
22.3 Architectures for Compressive Image Acquisition ....... 488
22.4 Algorithms for Restoring Compressively Sensed Images .. 494
22.5 Experimental Results .................................. 499
22.6 Noise and Quantization ................................ 502
22.7 Conclusions ........................................... 502
Acknowledgments ............................................ 503
References ................................................. 503
23 Compressed Sensing: "When Sparsity Meets Sampling" ......... 507
Laurent Jacques and Pierre Vandergheynst
23.1 Introduction .......................................... 507
23.2 In Praise of Sparsity ................................. 508
23.3 Sensing and Compressing in a Single Stage ............. 510
23.4 Reconstructing from Compressed Information: A Bet on
Sparsity .............................................. 512
23.5 Sensing Strategies Market ............................. 515
23.6 Reconstruction Relatives .............................. 518
23.7 Some Compressive Imaging Applications ................. 521
23.8 Conclusion and the "Science 2.0" Effect ............... 524
Acknowledgments ............................................ 526
References ................................................. 526
Further Reading ............................................ 527
24 Blind Deconvolution Imaging................................. 529
Filip Šroubek and Michal Šorel
24.1 Introduction .......................................... 529
24.2 Image Deconvolution ................................... 530
24.3 Single-Channel Deconvolution .......................... 534
24.4 Multichannel Deconvolution ............................ 539
24.5 Space-Variant Extension ............................... 542
24.6 Conclusions ........................................... 546
Acknowledgments ............................................ 547
References ................................................. 547
25 Optics and Deconvolution: Wavefront Sensing ................ 549
Justo Arines and Salvador Bará
25.1 Introduction .......................................... 549
25.2 Deconvolution from Wavefront Sensing (DWFS) ........... 550
25.3 Past and Present ...................................... 551
25.4 The Restoration Process ............................... 552
25.5 Examples of Application ............................... 563
25.6 Conclusions ........................................... 567
Acknowledgments ............................................ 568
References ................................................. 568
Further Reading ............................................ 569
26 Image Restoration and Applications in Biomedical
Processing ................................................. 571
Filip Rooms, Bart Goossens, Aleksandra Pžurica, and
Wilfried Philips
26.1 Introduction .......................................... 571
26.2 Classical Restoration Techniques ...................... 574
26.3 SPERRIL: Estimation and Restoration of Confocal
Images ................................................ 583
26.4 Conclusions ........................................... 589
Acknowledgment ............................................. 589
References ................................................. 590
27 Optical and Geometrical Super-Resolution ................... 593
Javier Garcia Monreal
27.1 Introduction .......................................... 593
27.2 Fundamental Limits to Resolution Improvement .......... 594
27.3 Diffractive Optical Super-Resolution .................. 595
27.4 Geometrical Super-Resolution .......................... 608
References ................................................. 611
28 Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction considering
Inaccurate Subpixel Motion Information ..................... 613
Jongseong Choi and Moon Gi Kang
28.1 Introduction .......................................... 613
28.2 Fundamentals of Super-Resolution Image
Reconstruction ........................................ 614
28.3 Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction considering
Inaccurate
28.4 Development and Applications of Super-Resolution
Image Reconstruction .................................. 631
28.5 Conclusions ........................................... 640
Acknowledgments ............................................ 640
References ................................................. 642
29 Image Analysis: Intermediate-Level Vision .................. 643
Jan Cornells, Aneta Markova, and Rudi Deklerck
29.1 Introduction .......................................... 643
29.2 Pixel- and Region-Based Segmentation .................. 645
29.3 Edge-Based Segmentation ............................... 652
29.4 Deformable Models ..................................... 654
29.6 Conclusions ........................................... 664
References ................................................. 664
30 Hybrid Digital-Optical Correlator for ATR .................. 667
Tien-Hsin Chao and Thomas Lu
30.1 Introduction .......................................... 667
30.3 Optimization of OT-MACH Filter ........................ 677
30.4 Second Stage: Neural Network for Target Verification .. 681
30.5 Experimental Demonstration of ATR Process ............. 687
30.6 Conclusions ........................................... 690
Acknowledgments ............................................ 692
References ................................................. 692
31 Theory and Application of Multispectral Fluorescence
Tomography ................................................. 695
Rosy Favicchio, Giannis Zacharakis, Anikitos Garofalakis,
and Jorge Ripoll
31.1 Introduction .......................................... 695
31.2 Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT) ............... 696
31.3 Spectral Tomography ................................... 706
31.4 Multitarget Detection and Separation .................. 709
31.5 Conclusions ........................................... 712
References ................................................. 713
32 Biomedical Imaging Based on Vibrational Spectroscopy ....... 717
Christoph Kraffi, Benjamin Dietzek, and Jürgen Popp
32.1 Introduction .......................................... 717
32.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy and Imaging .................. 718
32.3 Analysis of Vibrational Spectroscopic Images .......... 723
32.4 Challenges for Image Analysis in CARS Microscopy ...... 730
32.5 Biomedical Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopic
Imaging: Tissue Diagnostics ........................... 734
32.6 Conclusions ........................................... 736
Acknowledgments ............................................ 736
References ................................................. 736
33 Optical Data Encryption .................................... 739
Maria Sagrario Millán García-Varela and Elisabet Pérez-
Cabré
33.1 Introduction .......................................... 739
33.2 Optical Techniques in Encryption Algorithms ........... 740
33.3 Applications to Security Systems ...................... 755
33.4 Conclusions ........................................... 765
Acknowledgments ............................................ 765
References ................................................. 765
34 Quantum Encryption ......................................... 769
Bing Qi, Li Qian, and Hoi-Kwong Lo
34.1 Introduction .......................................... 769
34.2 The Principle of Quantum Cryptography ................. 770
34.3 State-of-the-Art Quantum Key Distribution
Technologies .......................................... 777
34.4 Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution
Systems ............................................... 783
34.5 Conclusions ........................................... 785
Acknowledgments ............................................ 786
References ................................................. 786
35 Phase-Space Tomography of Optical Beams .................... 789
Tatiana Alieva, Alejandro Cámara, José A. Rodrigo, and
María L. Calvo
35.1 Introduction .......................................... 789
35.2 Fundamentals of Phase-Space Tomography ................ 790
35.3 Phase-Space Tomography of Beams Separable in
Cartesian Coordinates ................................. 793
35.4 Radon Transform ....................................... 794
35.5 Example: Tomographic Reconstruction of the WD of
Gaussian Beams ........................................ 796
35.6 Experimental Setup for the Measurements of the WD
Projections ........................................... 798
35.7 Reconstruction of WD: Numerical and Experimental
Results ............................................... 800
35.8 Practical Work for Postgraduate Students .............. 802
35.9 Conclusions ........................................... 807
Acknowledgments ............................................ 807
References ................................................. 807
36 Human Face Recognition and Image Statistics using Matlab ... 809
Matthias S. Keil
36.1 Introduction .......................................... 809
36.2 Neural Information-Processing and Image Statistics .... 811
36.3 Face Image Statistics and Face Processing ............. 818
36.4 Amplitude Spectra ..................................... 820
36.5 Making Artificial Face Recognition "More Human" ....... 826
36.6 Student Assignments ................................... 827
References ................................................. 828
37 Image Processing for Spacecraft Optical Navigation ......... 833
Michael A. Paluszek and Pradeep Bhatta
37.1 Introduction .......................................... 833
37.2 Geometric Basis for Optical Navigation ................ 835
37.3 Optical Navigation Sensors and Models ................. 837
37.4 Dynamical Models ...................................... 845
37.5 Processing the Camera Data ............................ 847
37.6 Kalman Filtering ...................................... 847
37.7 Example Deep Space Mission ............................ 850
37.8 Student Assignment .................................... 855
37.9 Conclusion ............................................ 856
References ................................................. 857
38 Image for Medical Microscopy Image Processing: An
Introduction to Macro Development for Batch Processing ..... 859
Tony Collins
38.1 Introduction .......................................... 859
38.2 Installation .......................................... 859
38.3 Plugin Collections .................................... 861
38.4 Opening Images ........................................ 861
38.5 Developing a Macro .................................... 862
38.6 Further Practical Exercises ........................... 872
38.7 Important Websites .................................... 872
Appendix 38.A: Analyzing a Single Image .................... 872
Appendix 38.B: Including Intensity Measurements ............ 873
Appendix 38.C: Making a Function ........................... 873
Appendix 38.D: Batch Processing a Folder ................... 873
Appendix 38.E: Adding a Dialog and Batch Processing
a Folder .................................... 874
Appendix 38.F: Batch Processing Subfolders ................. 875
References ................................................. 877
Index ...................................................... 879
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