Preface ........................................................ ix
Chapter 1 Plasma Concepts ...................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.1.1 Debye length ........................................ 2
1.1.2 Plasma oscillation .................................. 4
1.1.3 Plasma types ........................................ 6
1.2 Plasma particle phenomena ................................. 11
1.2.1 Particle collisions ................................ 11
1.3 Waves and instabilities in plasmas ........................ 25
1.3.1 Electromagnetic phenomena in plasma ................ 25
1.3.2 Waves in plasma .................................... 29
1.3.3 Plasma oscillations ................................ 30
1.3.4 Electron plasma wave ............................... 32
1.3.5 Sound waves in plasma .............................. 33
1.3.6 Waves in plasma with magnetic field ................ 36
1.3.7 Plasma instabilities ............................... 38
1.4 Plasma - wall interactions ................................ 43
1.4.1 Plasma - wall transition: electrostatic phenomena .. 43
1.5 Surface phenomena: electron emission and vaporization ..... 60
1.5.1 Electron emission .................................. 61
1.5.2 Vaporization ....................................... 65
Homework problems ......................................... 76
References ................................................ 78
Chapter 2 Plasma Diagnostics .................................. 83
2.1 Langmuir probes ........................................... 83
2.2 Orbital motion limit ...................................... 86
2.3 Langmuir probes in collisional-dominated regime ........... 88
2.4 Emissive probe ............................................ 89
2.5 Probe in magnetic field ................................... 89
2.6 Ion energy measurements: electrostatic analyzer ........... 91
2.7 HF cutoff plasma diagnostics .............................. 92
2.8 Interferometric technique ................................. 93
2.9 Optical measurements and fast imaging ..................... 95
2.10 Plasma spectroscopy ....................................... 95
2.11 Microwave scattering ...................................... 98
Homework problems .............................................. 99
References .................................................... 100
Chapter 3 Electrical Discharges .............................. 103
3.1 Electrical breakdown and Paschen law ..................... 103
3.2 Spark discharges and streamer phenomena .................. 106
3.2.1 Electron avalanche ................................ 106
3.2.2 Streamer mechanism ................................ 108
3.3 Glow discharge ........................................... 110
3.3.1 Cathode and anode regions ......................... 111
3.3.2 Positive column of the glow discharge ............. 111
3.4 Arc discharges ........................................... 113
3.4.1 Atmospheric arc ................................... 113
3.4.2 Vacuum arc ........................................ 113
Homework problems ............................................. 125
References .................................................... 125
Chapter 4 Plasma Dynamics .................................... 127
4.1 Plasma in electric and magnetic field .................... 127
4.2 Magnetic mirrors ......................................... 130
4.3 Remarks on particle drift ................................ 133
4.4 The crossed E × В fields plasma dynamics in plasma
devices .................................................. 134
4.5 Diffusion and transport of plasmas ....................... 135
4.5.1 Basic physics of diffusion ........................ 135
4.5.2 Ambipolar diffusion ............................... 136
4.5.3 Diffusion across a magnetic field ................. 137
4.6 Simulation approaches .................................... 139
4.7 Particle-in-cell techniques .............................. 140
4.7.1 Equation of motion ................................ 141
4.7.2 Integration of the field equations ................ 142
4.7.3 Particle and force weighting ...................... 143
4.7.4 Particle generation ............................... 144
4.7.5 Example of application of PIC simulations ......... 145
4.8 Fluid simulations of plasmas: free boundary expansion .... 146
4.8.1 Fluid model of vacuum arc plasma jet .............. 146
4.8.2 Basic model ....................................... 148
4.8.3 Free plasma jet expansion ......................... 150
4.8.4 Boundary condition for free plasma jet expansion .. 151
Homework problems ........................................ 168
References ............................................... 169
Chapter 5 Plasma in Space Propulsion ......................... 173
5.1 Plasma in ablative plasma thrusters ....................... 174
5.1.1 Ablation phenomena and the Knudsen layer .......... 174
5.1.2 Ionization in the presence of plasma
acceleration in the hydrodynamic region ........... 179
5.1.3 Example: Application to the carbon—fluorine
plasma in а μ-РРТ ................................. 181
5.1.4 Ablation-produced plasma: example of Teflon
ablation .......................................... 185
5.1.5 On the ablation mode .............................. 187
5.1.6 Electrothermal capillary-based PPT ................ 188
5.1.7 The model of the ablation-controlled discharge .... 189
5.2 Bulk plasma and near-wall phenomena in Hall thruster ..... 196
5.2.1 Plasma acceleration in Hall thrusters ............. 196
5.2.2 Anomalous electron transport mechanisms ........... 198
5.2.3 Structure of E × В layer .......................... 206
5.2.4 Plasma flow in Hall thruster: example of
calculation ....................................... 207
5.2.5 Peculiarities of plasma flow in Hall thrusters:
2D potential distribution ......................... 217
5.2.6 Anodic plasma in Hall thrusters ................... 221
5.2.7 Model of the hollow anode ......................... 221
5.2.8 Thruster with anode layer (TAL) ................... 227
5.2.9 Present state of the art: multiscale analysis of
Hall thrusters .................................... 238
5.3 Micropropulsion .......................................... 239
5.3.1 Microablative thrusters ........................... 240
5.3.2 Microthrusters based on liquid propellants ........ 251
5.4 Plasma plumes from thrusters ............................. 254
5.4.1 Description of the plume model .................... 255
5.4.2 Example of plasma plume simulation: Hall
thruster plume .................................... 257
5.4.3 Plasma plume ejected from microlaser plasma
thruster .......................................... 259
5.4.4 Magnetic field effects on the plasma plume ........ 265
Homework problems ........................................ 272
References ............................................... 274
Chapter 6 Plasma Nanoscience and Nanotechnology .............. 287
6.1 Plasmas for nanotechnology ............................... 287
6.1.1 Definitions ....................................... 287
6.1.2 Plasma-based synthesis of nanoparticles ........... 287
6.1.3 Synthesis of carbon nanoparticles ................. 288
6.1.4 Controlled synthesis of carbon nanostructures in
arc plasmas: theoretical premise .................. 292
6.2 Magnetically enhanced synthesis of nanostructures in
plasmas .................................................. 296
6.2.1 Arc-discharge plasma system for synthesis of
SWNT .............................................. 296
6.2.2 Synthesis of SWCNTs in a magnetic field ........... 298
6.2.3 Effect of magnetic field on SWNT chirality ........ 300
6.2.4 Synthesis of graphene in arc plasmas .............. 305
6.2.5 Current state of the art of plasma-based
synthesis of carbon nanostructures ................ 310
6.3 Nanoparticle synthesis in electrical arcs: modeling and
diagnostics .............................................. 312
6.3.1 Arc-discharge plasma .............................. 312
6.3.2 Experimental studies of the arc-discharge
plasmas for nanoparticle synthesis ................ 321
6.3.1 Appendix: Physical Constants in SI ................ 415
Index ......................................................... 421
| 
