Chapter 1 Overview Membrane Technology ......................... 1
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 Membrane Processes ........................................... 3
2.1 Filtration through size exclusion ....................... 4
2.2 Separation by solution-diffusion process ................ 8
2.3 Separation by charge ................................... 11
3 Membrane Structures ......................................... 12
3.1 Ceramic membranes ...................................... 13
3.2 Polymeric membranes .................................... 15
3.3 Nanocomposite membranes ................................ 18
3.4 Other membrane structures .............................. 20
Chapter 2 Microperforation Methods ............................ 25
1 Introduction ................................................ 25
2 Wet etching of perforations in metal foils .................. 25
3 Electroforming of perforations .............................. 28
4 Electro perforation ......................................... 31
5 Laser cutting and drilling of perforations .................. 32
6 Hot embossing ............................................... 34
Chapter 3 Micro Engineered Membranes .......................... 37
1 Introduction micro engineering .............................. 37
2 MEMS Silicon micro engineering .............................. 38
3 Micro engineered unperforated membranes ..................... 39
4 Micro engineered perforated membranes ....................... 39
5 Semiconductor lithography ................................... 42
6 Laser interference lithography .............................. 56
6.1 Device fabrication with short exposure time ............ 57
6.2 Short versus long exposure times ....................... 60
7 Fabrication of microsieves with silicon wafers .............. 68
7.1 Wet etching through the pores .......................... 68
7.2 <110> Silicon Wafers ................................... 77
Chapter 4 Fluid Mechanics ..................................... 87
1 Introduction ................................................ 87
2 Fluid flow through a channel and an orifice ................. 87
3 Flow through rectangular and circular orifices ............. 102
Chapter 5 Membrane Deflection and Maximum Pressure Load ...... 111
1 Introduction ............................................... 111
2 Analytical pressure load expressions ....................... 112
3 Experiments ................................................ 118
4 Perforated membranes and maximum pressure load ............. 123
Chapter 6 Polymeric Membranes ................................ 133
1 Introduction ............................................... 133
2 Photolithographic polyimide membranes ...................... 137
3 Hot moulding techniques .................................... 139
4 Phase separation micro moulding ............................ 146
4.1 Moulding of micro array and a microwell ............... 155
4.2 Flat sheet and tubular polymeric structures ........... 159
4.3 Capillary polymeric structures ........................ 160
Chapter 7 Microfiltration .................................... 169
1 Introduction ............................................... 169
2 Cross flow microfiltration of large particles .............. 172
3 Cross flow microfiltration of polydisperse suspensions ..... 196
4 Microfiltration of lager beer .............................. 205
5 Micro filtration and fractionation of milk ................. 223
6 Microfiltration of blood-cell concentrates ................. 237
7 Microscreens for rapid microbiological detection ........... 243
Chapter 8 Lab and Fab-on-a-Chip .............................. 255
1 Introduction ............................................... 255
2 Lab-on-a-Chip for particle fractionation ................... 257
3 Fab-on-a-Chip for de-hydrogenation process ................. 267
Chapter 9 Nanotechnology and Nano Engineered Membranes ....... 277
1 Introduction Nanotechnology ................................ 277
2 Zeolites, self assembled molecular sieves .................. 281
2.1 Molecular sieves on siliconnitride membranes .......... 285
3 Patterning of nanostructures ............................... 289
3.1 Stencilling with nanosieves ........................... 290
4 Nanosieves for Photonic Structures ......................... 300
4.1 Silicon nitride photonic crystals ..................... 300
4.2 Alumina photonic crystals ............................. 304
5 Nano membrane separation technology ........................ 306
6 Nano engineered biomembranes ............................... 310
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 310
6.2 Biosensors ............................................ 317
7 Nanotubes .................................................. 319
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 319
7.2 Carbon nanotubes ...................................... 319
7.3 Templated nanotubes and nanofiltration ................ 322
8 Nano printing and etching .................................. 325
Chapter 10 Atomisation ........................................ 335
1 Introduction theory ........................................ 335
2 Atomisation with micro machined nozzles .................... 340
Chapter 11 Membrane Emulsification ............................ 347
1 Introduction ............................................... 347
2 CFD and membrane emulsification ............................ 353
3 Analytical cross-flow emulsification model ................. 358
Relevant Author's Publications ................................ 373
Index ......................................................... 375
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