Acknowledgements ................................................ 6
Abbreviations .................................................. 18
Abstract ....................................................... 19
1 Introduction .............................................. 20
1.1 Introduction .............................................. 20
1.2 The language .............................................. 20
1.2.1 Distribution of speakers ........................... 20
1.2.2 Number of speakers ................................. 22
1.2.3 Dialectal variation ................................ 22
1.2.4 The sociolinguistic situation ...................... 24
1.2.5 The name of the language ........................... 28
1.3 Recent history of the Skolt Saami ......................... 29
1.4 Genetic affiliation of Skolt Saami ........................ 30
1.5 Previous research ......................................... 32
1.6 Methodology and data ...................................... 33
1.7 Theoretical framework ..................................... 36
1.8 The orthography ........................................... 37
1.8.1 The characters ..................................... 37
1.8.2 Additional symbols ................................. 39
1.9 Organisation of this grammar .............................. 40
2 Phonology ................................................. 41
2.1 Word structure ............................................ 41
2.1.1 Overshort vowels ................................... 42
2.1.2 Relationship between the vowel centre and the
latus .............................................. 44
2.2 Consonants ................................................ 44
2.2.1 Plosives ........................................... 46
2.2.2 Fricatives ......................................... 51
2.2.3 Affricates ......................................... 58
2.2.4 Approximants ....................................... 59
2.2.5 Trills ............................................. 62
2.2.6 Nasals ............................................. 63
2.3 Vowels .................................................... 64
2.3.1 Plain vowels ....................................... 64
2.3.2 Palatalised vowels ................................. 67
2.3.3 Is there a tenth vowel? ............................ 69
2.4 Diphthongs ................................................ 70
2.5 Phonological length ....................................... 75
2.5.1 Consonant sequences ................................. 77
2.6 Palatalisation ............................................ 77
2.7 Interspeaker variation .................................... 87
3 Morphophonology ........................................... 89
3.1 Vowel height .............................................. 90
3.1.1 Monophthongs ....................................... 90
3.1.2 Diphthongs ......................................... 92
3.1.3 Metaphony .......................................... 93
3.2 Consonant gradation ....................................... 94
3.3 Phonological quantity .................................... 101
4 Word classes ............................................. 106
4.1 Verbs .................................................... 106
4.1.1 The auxiliary verbs ................................ 106
4.2 Nouns .................................................... 106
4.3 Adjectives ............................................... 107
4.4 Pronouns ................................................. 107
4.4.1 Personal pronouns ................................. 107
4.4.2 Reflexive pronouns ................................ 108
4.4.3 Demonstrative pronouns ............................ 108
4.4.4 Indefinite, distributive and negative pronouns .... 109
4.4.5 Relative pronouns and interrogative pronouns ...... 109
4.5 Numerals ................................................. 109
4.6 Quantifiers .............................................. 112
4.7 Adverbs .................................................. 112
4.8 Adpositions .............................................. 114
4.9 Particles ................................................ 115
5 Word formation ........................................... 117
5.1 Derivation ............................................... 117
5.1.1 Dйverbal verbs .................................... 117
5.1.2 Denominal verbs ................................... 122
5.1.3 Denominal nouns ................................... 124
5.1.4 Deverbal nouns .................................... 126
5.1.5 Derived adjectives ................................ 127
5.1.6 Derived adverbs ................................... 132
5.2 Compounding .............................................. 133
6 Nominal inflection ....................................... 137
6.1 Case and number marking .................................. 137
6.2 Nouns .................................................... 139
6.2.1 Inflectional classes .............................. 140
6.2.2 Loan nouns ........................................ 158
6.2.3 Irregular nouns ................................... 161
6.2.4 Possessor marking ................................. 162
6.3 Pronouns ................................................. 168
6.3.1 Personal pronouns ................................. 169
6.3.2 Reflexive pronouns ................................ 170
6.3.3 Demonstrative pronouns ............................ 170
6.3.4 Indefinite, distributive and negative pronouns .... 171
6.3.5 Relative pronouns and interrogative pronouns ...... 172
6.4 Adjectives ............................................... 173
6.4.1 Loan adjectives ................................... 175
6.4.2 Adjectives displaying no special attributive
form .............................................. 176
6.4.3 Irregular adjectives .............................. 176
7 Noun phrase syntax ....................................... 177
7.1 NP structure ............................................. 177
7.2 Nominal modification ..................................... 179
7.2.1 Adjectives ........................................ 179
7.2.2 Participial modifiers ............................. 180
7.2.3 Demonstrative determiners ......................... 186
7.2.4 Possessives ....................................... 187
7.2.5 Numerals .......................................... 188
7.2.6 Quantifiers ....................................... 192
7.2.7 Relative clauses .................................. 194
8 Verbal inflection ........................................ 200
8.1 Inflectional classes ..................................... 201
8.2 Inflectional suffixes .................................... 203
8.3 Inflectional stems ....................................... 207
8.4 Loan verbs ............................................... 214
8.5 The auxiliary verbs ...................................... 215
9 Tense, aspect, mood and polarity ......................... 217
9.1 Tense .................................................... 217
9.2 Aspect ................................................... 219
9.3 Mood ..................................................... 222
9.3.1 Conditional mood .................................. 222
9.3.2 Potential mood .................................... 224
9.3.3 Imperative mood ................................... 226
9.4 Polarity ................................................. 228
10 Clausal syntax ........................................... 233
10.1 Constituent order ........................................ 233
10.1.1 Core arguments .................................... 233
10.1.2 Auxiliary verbs ................................... 238
10.2 Case marking ............................................. 239
10.2.1 Nominative case ................................... 239
10.2.2 Accusative case ................................... 240
10.2.3 Genitive case ..................................... 241
10.2.4 Illative case ..................................... 243
10.2.5 Locative case ..................................... 245
10.2.6 Comitative case ................................... 250
10.2.7 Abessive case ..................................... 252
10.2.8 Essive case ....................................... 253
10.2.9 Partitive case .................................... 254
10.3 Predicate constructions .................................. 255
10.4 Voice and valence ........................................ 258
10.4.1 Causatives ........................................ 258
10.4.2 Reflexives and reciprocals ........................ 260
10.4.3 Passive voice ..................................... 261
10.5 Interrogatives ........................................... 262
10.5.1 Polar questions ................................... 263
10.5.2 Information questions ............................. 268
10.6 Clausal modification ..................................... 270
10.6.1 Adverbs ........................................... 271
10.6.2 Noun phrases ...................................... 272
10.6.3 Adpositions and adpositional phrases .............. 272
10.6.4 Adverbial clauses ................................. 282
10.7 Complex clauses .......................................... 290
10.7.1 Complement clauses ................................ 290
10.7.2 Conditional clauses ............................... 295
10.8 Coordination ........................................ 297
11 Interlinear texts ........................................ 300
References .................................................... 411
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