1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Motivation and scope .................................... 1
1.2 The geology and mineralogy of Juventae Chasma in
context with Valles Marineris ........................... 2
1.2.1 Valles Marineris ................................. 4
1.2.2 Juventae Chasma and Maja Valles .................. 8
1.3 Comparative studies .................................... 17
1.4 Atmosphere and water ................................... 18
1.5 Sulfuric acid evolution of Mars ........................ 23
1.5.1 Sulfuric acid evolution by volcanic exhalation .. 23
1.5.2 Sulfuric acid evolution by aqueous pyrite
oxidation ....................................... 24
2 Data methods ................................................ 29
2.1 Mars Global Surveyor ................................... 29
2.2 Mars Orbiter Altimeter ................................. 30
2.3 Mars Orbiter Camera .................................... 30
2.4 High-Resolution Stereo Camera .......................... 30
2.5 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter ............................ 32
2.6 The Context Camera ..................................... 33
2.7 Software Geographic Information System ................. 33
3 Geochemistry ................................................ 35
3.1 Sample selection and description ....................... 35
3.2 Analytical methods ..................................... 39
3.2.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ................. 39
3.2.2 X-ray diffractometry ............................ 40
3.3 Geochemical investigations of major elements ........... 40
3.4 Mineral content ........................................ 42
4 Experimental solution production and analytical methods ..... 45
4.1 Leaching experiment results ............................ 47
4.1.1 Dissolved species distribution in the pH 1.3
samples ......................................... 50
4.1.2 Dissolved species distribution in the pH 3
samples ......................................... 52
4.2 Comparison of solution samples and solid samples ....... 55
5 Numerical modeling of evaporation ........................... 61
5.1 Modeling software ...................................... 62
5.2 Limitations ............................................ 65
5.3 Modeling results ....................................... 67
5.3.1 Tissint ......................................... 67
5.3.2 Olivine ......................................... 73
5.3.3 Clinopyroxene ................................... 76
5.3.4 Orthopyroxene ................................... 80
5.3.5 Plagioclase ..................................... 83
5.3.6 1-komatiite ..................................... 86
5.3.7 s-komatiite ..................................... 89
5.3.8 Volcanic glass .................................. 92
5.3.9 DTS-2b .......................................... 96
5.3.10 Bir-la .......................................... 99
5.3.11 Xenolith ....................................... 103
6 Interpretation and discussion .............................. 107
6.1 Fluid geochemistry .................................... 107
6.2 Volume calculations of Juventae Chasma, the mounds A
to D, and water contents .............................. 124
6.3 Brittle fractures at mound В .......................... 130
6.4 Dependency of mineral formation on fluid
temperature ........................................... 132
7 Paleolakustrine evolution of Juventae Chasma ............... 139
8 Summary of results ......................................... 145
9 References ................................................. 147
10 Appendix ................................................... 167
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