1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1
2 ECHOSOUNDINGS .............................................. 3
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 3
2.2 Instrumentation ............................................ 3
2.3 Preparations ............................................... 6
Working map ................................................ 6
Sounding tracks ............................................ 6
Pilot survey ............................................... 6
Calibration ................................................ 7
2.4 Field-work ................................................. 7
3 BATHYMETRIC MAP CONSTRUCTION ............................... 9
4 MORPHOMETRY ............................................... 12
4.1 Optimization of lake hydrography surveys -
the information value of bathymetric maps ................. 12
4.2 The intensity of the survey ............................... 15
4.3 Practical use of the optimization model-manuals ........... 17
4.3.1 Manual - unknown lake .............................. 18
4.3.2 Manual - already echosounded lake .................. 22
4.4 Morphometrical parameters ................................. 26
Maximum length ............................................ 26
Maximum effective length .................................. 26
Effective length .......................................... 27
Effective fetch ........................................... 27
Maximum width ............................................. 30
Maximum effective width ................................... 31
Mean width ................................................ 31
Maximum depth ............................................. 33
Mean depth ................................................ 33
Median depth .............................................. 34
Quartile depths ........................................... 34
Relative depth ............................................ 35
Direction of major axis ................................... 36
Shoreline length .......................................... 36
Contour-line length ....................................... 39
Total lake area ........................................... 40
Lake area ................................................. 40
Volume .................................................... 41
Slope ..................................................... 46
Mean slope ................................................ 48
Median slope .............................................. 50
Shore development ......................................... 50
Lake bottom roughness ..................................... 52
Form roughness ............................................ 53
Volume development ........................................ 55
Islands, islets and rocks ................................. 56
Insulosity ................................................ 59
Profiles .................................................. 59
The slope curve ........................................... 62
The hypsographic curve .................................... 64
The percentage hypsographic curve ......................... 64
The relative hypsographic curve ........................... 65
The volume curve .......................................... 65
The percentage volume curve ............................... 65
The relative volume curve ................................. 67
The lake form ............................................. 67
The lake type ............................................. 70
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................ 73
6 APPENDIX .................................................... 75
7 REFERENCES .................................................. 77
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