Summary and key words ........................................... 7
Acknowledgements ................................................ 8
1 Introduction ............................................... 9
2 Material and methods
2.1 Herbarium material and field studies ...................... 11
2.2 Georeferencing of collection localities and
transcription from Chinese ................................ 11
2.3 Morphological observations and measurements ............... 12
2.4 Chromosome counts ......................................... 12
3 Historical outline
3.1 Early collections and first illustrations of Saussurea
subg. Amphilaena .......................................... 14
3.2 First description and generic dehmitation of Saussurea .... 14
3.3 Infrageneric classification of Saussurea and taxonomic
history of Saussurea subg. Amphilaena ..................... 17
3.4 Species numbers in Saussurea .............................. 19
4 Phylogenetic studies
4.1 Systematic position of Saussurea in the Cardueae .......... 21
4.2 Subdivisions of Saussurea, the status of Saussurea subg.
Amphilaena and its members ................................ 23
5 Morphological features and biological traits
5.1 Life form and life span ................................... 27
5.2 Habit ..................................................... 27
5.3 Root ...................................................... 28
5.4 Caudex .................................................... 28
5.5 Indumentum ................................................ 29
5.6 Stems and arrangement of leaves ........................... 31
5.7 Peduncles ................................................. 31
5.8 Leaves .................................................... 32
5.8.1 Cotyledons ......................................... 32
5.8.2 Leaves ............................................. 32
5.8.3 Bracts ............................................. 34
5.8.4 Leaf remains and tunica ............................ 35
5.9 Synflorescence ............................................ 36
5.10 Capitulum ................................................. 36
5.11 Involucre ................................................. 37
5.12 Receptacle ................................................ 38
5.13 Flowers ................................................... 39
5.13.1 General morphology and flowering phenology ......... 39
5.13.2 Corolla ............................................ 39
5.13.3 Stamens ............................................ 40
5.13.4 Style .............................................. 40
5.13.1 Achenes ............................................ 41
5.15 Pappus .................................................... 41
6 Chromosomes
6.1 Chromosome numbers in Saussurea ........................... 44
6.2 Chromosome numbers in Saussurea subg. Amphilaena .......... 49
7 A hypothetical scenario for the evolution of Saussurea .... 55
8 Taxonomy
8.1 Description of Saussurea .................................. 57
8.2 Key to the subgenera of Saussurea ......................... 57
8.3 Description of Saussurea subg. Amphilaena ................. 57
8.4 Key to the species of Saussurea subg. Amphilaena .......... 58
8.5 Taxonomic descriptions of species and infraspecific taxa .. 61
8.6 Additional species in Saussurea subg. Amphilaena ......... 241
8.7 Species to be excluded from Saussurea subg. Amphilaena ... 243
9 References ............................................... 245
Plates ........................................................ 257
Index to new names ............................................ 267
Index to typifications ........................................ 267
Index to vernacular names ..................................... 268
Index to scientific names ..................................... 269
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